年代

Chinese

		year	substitute; replace; generation substitute; replace; generation; dynasty; geological era; era; age; period
simp. and trad. (年代)		年	代

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): niándài

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄉㄞˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): nin⁴ doi⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): nen³ oi⁵

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngièn-thoi / ngiàn-thoi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngian² toi⁴

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): nî-tāi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ni⁵ do⁷

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: niándài
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄉㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: niándài
    • Wade–Giles: nien²-tai⁴
    • Yale: nyán-dài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nianday
    • Palladius: няньдай (njanʹdaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni̯ɛn³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: nin⁴ doi⁶
    • Yale: nìhn doih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: nin⁴ doi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: nin⁴ doi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /niːn²¹ tɔːi̯²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: nen³ oi⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ⁿden²² ᵘɔi³²/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngièn-thoi
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngienˇ toi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngian² toi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯en¹¹ tʰoi̯⁵⁵/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiàn-thoi
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngianˇ toi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngian² toi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯an¹¹ tʰoi̯⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngian² toi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋian¹¹ tʰoɪ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nî-tāi
    • Tâi-lô: nî-tāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ni'dai
    • IPA (Xiamen): /nĩ²⁴⁻²² tai²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /nĩ²⁴⁻²² tai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /nĩ¹³⁻²² tai²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ tai³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /nĩ²³⁻³³ tai³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ni⁵ do⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nî tō
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ to¹¹/

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• Middle Chinese: nen dojH

Rime
Character	年	代
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	I
Fanqie	奴顚切	徒耐切
Baxter	nen	dojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nen/	/dʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/nen/	/dəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/nɛn/	/dɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɛn/	/dəjH/
Li Rong	/nen/	/dᴀiH/
Wang Li	/nien/	/dɒiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/nien/	/dʱɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nián	dài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nin4	doi6

Noun

年代

1. age; era; period

   確定年代／确定年代  ―  quèdìng niándài  ―  to determine the age; to date

2. number of years; year count
3. time (in general)
4. a decade of a century

   中國政府在1970年代開始推行計劃生育。 [MSC, trad.]
   中国政府在1970年代开始推行计划生育。 [MSC, simp.]

   Zhōngguó zhèngfǔ zài 1970 niándài kāishǐ tuīxíng jìhuàshēngyù. [Pinyin]

   In the 1970s, the Chinese government started to enact the One-Child Policy.

5. year timeline; dating; chronology

   年代測定／年代测定  ―  niándài cèdìng  ―  dating

   夏王朝年代  ―  Xià Wángcháo niándài  ―  chronology of the Xia dynasty

Synonyms

• (age):

• 世 (shì) (literary, or in compounds)
• 世代 (shìdài) (literary)
• 光陰／光阴 (Dungan)
• 年候兒／年候儿 (niánhour) (Beijing Mandarin)
• 年歲／年岁 (niánsuì)
• 年華／年华 (niánhuá)
• 時代／时代 (shídài)
• 時期／时期 (shíqī)
• 朝代 (cháodài)
• 歲月／岁月 (suìyuè)

 

• (number of years): 積年／积年 (jīnián), (archaic) 年紀／年纪 (niánjì), 年數／年数 (niánshù)
• (time): 年數／年数 (niánshù), (archaic) 年紀／年纪 (niánjì), 時候／时候 (shíhou), 時間／时间 (shíjiān), (Hokkien, Teochew) 時陣／时阵 (sî-chūn), (Wu) 辰光 (zen kuaan (T3))

Derived terms

• 地質年代／地质年代 (dìzhì niándài)
• 年代學／年代学 (niándàixué)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (年代):

• → Japanese: 年代(ねんだい) (nendai)
• → Korean: 년대(年代) (nyeondae)
• → Vietnamese: niên đại (年代)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
年	代
ねん Grade: 1	だい Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ねんだい [nèńdáí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [nẽ̞nda̠i]

Noun

年(ねん)代(だい) • (nendai) 

1. age, era, period
   • 1912, 島崎藤村, 北村透谷の短き一生:

     明治(めいじ)年代(ねんだい)に記憶(きおく)すべき、大(おお)きな出来事(できごと)の一(ひと)つは、士族(しぞく)の階級(かいきゅう)の滅亡(めつぼう)である。

     Meiji nendai ni kioku subeki, ōkina dekigoto no hitotsu wa, shizoku no kaikyū no metsubō de aru.

     If there's one event that one must remember about the Meiji era, it's the downfall of the samurai class.

2. date
   • 1924, 宮本百合子, 蠹魚:

     この本(ほん)の印刷(いんさつ)された年代(ねんだい)で見(み)ると、祖父(そふ)は三十前後(さんじゅうぜんご)の壮年(そうねん)で、末弟(ばってい)が十七八(じゅうななはち)であったらしい。

     Kono hon no insatsu sareta nendai de miru to, sofu wa san jū zengo no sōnen de, battei ga jū nana hachi de atta rashii.

     Looking at the date when this book was printed, it seems that my grandfather was around 30 and in the prime of his life, and his younger brother was 17 or 18.

3. a decade in a century

Derived terms

• 年代記 (nendaiki): annals, chronicle, chronology
• 年代順 (nendaijun): chronological order
• 年代物 (nendaimono): antique
• 同年代 (dōnendai): the same generation, coeval
• 絶対年代 (zettai nendai): absolute age
• 相対年代 (sōtai nendai): relative age
• 地質年代 (chishitsu nendai): geological time
• 放射年代 (hōsha nendai): radiometric age
• 言語年代学 (gengo-nendaigaku): glottochronology
• 放射性炭素年代測定 (hōshaseitanso nendai sokutei): radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 dating
• 放射性炭素年代測定法 (hōshaseitanso nendai sokuteihō): radiocarbon dating

Korean

Hanja in this term
年	代

Noun

年代 • (nyeondae) (hangeul 년대)

1. Hanja form^? of 년대 (“period of years such as a decade or century”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
年	代

Noun

年代

1. chữ Hán form of niên đại (“era; period; years; time”).