烝民

Chinese

		advance; many; steam	the people; nationality; citizen
simp. and trad. (烝民)		烝	民

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhēngmín

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄥ ㄇㄧㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zing¹ man⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhēngmín
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄥ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhengmín
    • Wade–Giles: chêng¹-min²
    • Yale: jēng-mín
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jengmin
    • Palladius: чжэнминь (čžɛnminʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ min³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zing¹ man⁴
    • Yale: jīng màhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzing¹ man⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: jing¹ men⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: tsying|tsyingH mjin

Rime
Character	烝	烝	民
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	章 (23)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)	蒸 (133)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	煑仍切	諸應切	彌鄰切
Baxter	tsying	tsyingH	mjin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨŋ/	/t͡ɕɨŋH/	/miɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕɨŋ/	/t͡ɕɨŋH/	/min/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕieŋ/	/t͡ɕieŋH/	/mjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciŋ/	/ciŋH/	/min/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiəŋ/	/t͡ɕiəŋH/	/miĕn/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭəŋ/	/t͡ɕĭəŋH/	/mĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯əŋ/	/t͡ɕi̯əŋH/	/mi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhēng	zhèng	mín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zing1	zing3	man4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*təŋ  mi[ŋ]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kljɯŋ|kljɯŋs  min/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	烝	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhēng	mín
Middle Chinese	‹ tsying ›	‹ mjin ›
Old Chinese	/*təŋ/	/*mi[ŋ]/
English	to rise (of steam); steam (v.t.)	people
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	烝	烝	民
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	1407	1412	9130
Phonetic component	丞	丞	民
Rime group	蒸	蒸	眞
Rime subdivision	0	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	蒸	證	民
Old Chinese	/*kljɯŋ/	/*kljɯŋs/	/*min/

Noun

烝民

1. (literary) the common people; the populace; the masses; the multitudes

   • 天生烝民、有物有則。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     天生烝民、有物有则。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Tiān shēng zhēngmín, yǒu wù yǒu zé. [Pinyin]

     Heaven, in giving birth to the multitudes of the people,
     To every faculty and relationship annexed its law.

Synonyms

• 一般人 (yībānrén)
• 世人 (shìrén)
• 世間人／世间人 (Hokkien)
• 人士 (rénshì) (literary)
• 人民 (rénmín)
• 人群 (rénqún)
• 人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
• 俗人 (súrén)
• 俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
• 𫣆人 (Hakka)
• 兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
• 公眾／公众 (gōngzhòng)
• 凡人 (fánrén)
• 凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
• 匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
• 四眾人／四众人 (Teochew)
• 士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
• 大眾／大众 (dàzhòng)
• 子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
• 家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
• 布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
• 常人 (chángrén)
• 平人 (píngrén) (literary)
• 平常人 (píngchángrén)
• 平民 (píngmín)
• 庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
• 庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
• 斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
• 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
• 民人 (mínrén) (literary)
• 民眾／民众 (mínzhòng)
• 白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
• 白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
• 白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
• 白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
• 百姓
• 眾人／众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
• 萬姓／万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
• 群眾／群众 (qúnzhòng)
• 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
• 良人 (liángrén) (literary)
• 草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
• 草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
• 草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
• 萌 (literary)
• 野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
• 黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
• 黎民 (límín) (literary)
• 黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
• 黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)