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U+751F, 生
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F

[U+751E]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+7520]
U+2F63, ⽣
KANGXI RADICAL LIFE

[U+2F62]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F64]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order (Chinese)
5 strokes
Stroke order
(Chinese)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 100, +0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹手一 (HQM), four-corner 25100, composition 𠂉)

  1. Kangxi radical #100, .
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №215

Derived characters[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for :
[[wikisource:zh:康熙字典/生部/生部#生|生部/生部]]

Wikisource


  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 754, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21670
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1162, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2575, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+751F

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意): (bud) + (ground)sprouting from the ground.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𤯓

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, to live; alive), Mizo hring (to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green).

Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (to exist) (whence possibly Chinese (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (terminative suffix).

Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.

Related to (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).

Derivatives: (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]


Note:
  • saang1 - colloquial;
  • sang1 - literary.
  • Gan
  • Note:
    • sang1 - colloquial;
    • sen1 - literary.
  • Hakka
  • Note:
    • Sixian:
      • sâng - colloquial;
      • sên - literary.
    • Meixian:
      • sang1 - colloquial;
      • sên1 - literary;
      • xiên1 - in 生理 (“business”).
  • Jin
  • Northern Min
  • Note:
    • sáng, cháng - colloquial;
    • sáing - literary.
  • Eastern Min
  • Note:
    • săng - colloquial;
    • chăng - colloquial (“raw”);
    • sĕng - literary.
  • Southern Min
  • Note:
    • siⁿ/seⁿ - colloquial;
    • chhiⁿ/chheⁿ - colloquial (“raw”);
    • seng/sng - literary.
    Note:
    • sên1 - colloquial;
    • cên1 - colloquial (“raw”);
    • sêng1 - literary (“student”).
  • Wu
  • Note:
    • 1san - colloquial;
    • 1sen - literary.
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /ʂəŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /ʂəŋ⁴/
    Tianjin /səŋ²¹/
    Jinan /ʂəŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /ʂəŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /səŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /səŋ²¹/
    Xining /sə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /səŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /ʂə̃n³¹/
    Ürümqi /sɤŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /sən⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /sən⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /sen⁵⁵/
    Kunming /sə̃⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /sən³¹/
    Hefei /sən²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /səŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /səŋ¹³/
    /ʂʐ̩e̞¹³/
    Hohhot /sə̃ŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /səŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /sã⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /sen³³/
    Wenzhou /siɛ³³/
    Hui Shexian /sʌ̃³¹/
    /sɛ³¹/
    Tunxi /ɕiɛ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /sən³³/
    Xiangtan /siẽ³³/
    /sən³³/
    Gan Nanchang /sɑŋ⁴²/
    /sɛn⁴²/ ~意
    Hakka Meixian /saŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /sɑŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐŋ⁵³/
    /saŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /saŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /sɐŋ⁵⁵/
    /saŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /siŋ⁵⁵/
    /sĩ⁵⁵/ ~死
    /t͡sʰĩ⁵⁵/ ~肉
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /saŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /saiŋ⁵⁴/ 學~
    /t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴/ ~熟
    Shantou (Teochew) /seŋ³³/
    /sẽ³³/
    /t͡sʰẽ³³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /seŋ²³/
    /sɔŋ²³/
    /tɛ²³/ ~活
    /sɛ²³/ 不熟

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial () (21) (21)
    Final () (109) (109)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division () II II
    Fanqie
    Baxter sraeng sraengH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ʃˠæŋ/ /ʃˠæŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ʃᵚaŋ/ /ʃᵚaŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ʃaŋ/ /ʃaŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ʂaɨjŋ/ /ʂaɨjŋH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ʂɐŋ/ /ʂɐŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    shēng shèng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    sang1 sang3
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    shēng shēng shēng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ sræng › ‹ sræng › ‹ srjæng ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) /*sreŋ/ /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?)
    English bear, be born; live fresh, raw bear, be born; live

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 11312 11322
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*sʰleːŋ/ /*sreŋs/

    Definitions[edit]

    1. to live; to subsist; to exist
    2. to grow; to develop; to bud
    3. (transitive) to bear; to give birth; to bring up; to rear
      妻子雙胞胎女孩 [MSC, trad.]
      妻子双胞胎女孩 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā qīzǐ shēng le yī duì shuāngbāotāi nǚhái. [Pinyin]
      His wife gave birth to twin girls.
    4. to be born; to come into existence
      中國中国  ―  shēng zài zhōngguó.  ―  He was born in China.
    5. (dialectal) to lay (an egg)
      [Cantonese]  ―  saang1 daan6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to lay eggs
    6. pupil; disciple; student
      作為全日制必須定期上課 [MSC, trad.]
      作为全日制必须定期上课 [MSC, simp.]
      Nǐ zuòwèi quánrìzhì shēng bìxū dìngqī shàngkè. [Pinyin]
      As a full-time student, you should attend classes on a regular basis.
    7. (historical) scholar; Confucian scholar
    8. (opera) actor or male character
    9. Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “gentleman”).
      1. (Cantonese, honorific, suffix) Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “Mr.”).
        [Cantonese]  ―  can4 saang1 [Jyutping]  ―  Mr. Chan
    10. having life; live
      Synonym:
      規矩 [Cantonese, trad.]
      规矩 [Cantonese, simp.]
      kwai1 geoi2 hai6 sei2 ge3, jan4 hai6 saang1 ge3. [Jyutping]
      Rules are lifeless; humans are not.
      啱啱 [Cantonese, trad.]
      啱啱 [Cantonese, simp.]
      tiu4 jyu4-2 ngaam1 ngaam1 hai2 tiu4 ho4 dou6 diu3 soeng5 lai4, zung6 hai6 saang1 ge3. [Jyutping]
      The fish was just caught with a hook and line from the river. It is still alive.
    11. life; existence; being; living
        ―  shāshēng  ―  to destroy a life
    12. fresh; not stale
    13. unripe
    14. raw; uncooked
      Antonym: (shú)
      洋蔥洋葱  ―  shēng yángcōng  ―  raw onions
      覺得仲係 [Cantonese, trad.]
      觉得仲系 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 gok3 dak1 ni1 faai3 juk6 zung6 hai6 taai3 saang1. [Jyutping]
      I think this piece of meat is too raw.
    15. (historical ethnography) uncultured; uncultivated; wild; uncivilized; savage
        ―  shēng  ―  wild Li
    16. strange; unfamiliar
        ―  shēngrén  ―  stranger
    17. mechanically; forcedly
    18. very; quite; extremely
        ―  shēng  ―  to fear; to be afraid of
    19. vivid; strong; forceful
    20. innate; natural; born with
    21. Original form of (xìng).
    22. living things; organism
    23. livelihood; subsistence
        ―  móushēng  ―  to make a living
    24. lifetime; all one's life
        ―  láishēng  ―  afterlife
    25. birthday; anniversary
        ―  qìngshēng  ―  to celebrate one's birthday
    26. to bring back to life; to revive; to rescue
    27. to generate; to breed; to create
    28. to manufacture; to produce
    29. to happen; to occur; to take place
    30. to catch (a disease)
      什麼什么  ―  shēng le shénme bìng?  ―  What disease have I got?
      [Hokkien]  ―  seⁿ-chôa [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to have shingles
    31. (transitive) to be infested by a parasite
      跳蚤  ―  shēng tiàozǎo  ―  to be infested with fleas
      蝨乸虱乸 [Cantonese]  ―  saang1 sat1 naa2 [Jyutping]  ―  to be infested with lice
    32. (Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated
    33. (dialectal) to set up; to put in; to settle
    34. to light; to ignite (a fire)
      母親爐子母亲炉子  ―  Mǔqīn méi yǒu shēng lúzi.  ―  Mother did not light the stove.
    35. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    Antonyms[edit]
    • (uncultured): (shú)

    Pronunciation 2[edit]


    Definitions[edit]

    1. (Cantonese) Only used in 架生

    Etymology 2[edit]

    simp. and trad.

    From Mandarin .

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    1. (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note high do (1̇).
      Synonym: (shàng) (Kunqu)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    simp. and trad.

    Phono-semantic matching of Japanese さん (-san).

    Pronunciation[edit]


    Definitions[edit]

    1. (Hong Kong, honorific, suffix) -san, when referring to a Japanese person
    Synonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: (しょう) (shō); (せい) (sei)
    • Korean: 생(生) (saeng)
    • Vietnamese: sinh (), sanh ()

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Stroke order (Japan)
    5 strokes
    Stroke order
    (Japan)

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    なま
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Numerous derivatives already in use in the Heian period.[1][2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (なま) (nama

    1. a raw, uncooked state
      (にく)(なま)のまま()べると、(はら)(こわ)すことがある。
      Niku o nama no mama taberu to, hara o kowasu koto ga aru.
      You may have a stomachache if you eat raw meat.
    2. Short for 生ビール (draft beer).

    Prefix[edit]

    (なま) (nama-

    1. (broadcasting) live
      (なま)演奏(えんそう)
      namaensō
      live performance
    2. fresh, draft
      (なま)クリーム
      nama kurīmu
      fresh cream
      (なま)ビール
      nama bīru
      draft beer
    3. raw, uncooked, rare
      (なま)(たまご)
      nama tamago
      a raw egg
    4. natural, unprocessed

    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    せい
    Grade: 1
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese (MC sraeng|sraengH, “alive; fresh; raw; unprocessed”). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (せい) (sei

    1. a living
      (せい)(いとな)
      sei o itonamu
      make a living
    2. life
      Synonym: (inochi)
      (せい)(よろこ)
      sei no yorokobi
      the joys of life

    Pronoun[edit]

    (せい) (sei

    1. (humble) I or me, the first person singular (used by males)

    Suffix[edit]

    (せい) (-sei

    1. a student
      中学(ちゅうがく)(せい)大学(だいがく)(せい)受験(じゅけん)(せい)
      chūgakusei, daigakusei, jukensei
      middle-school student, university student, test-taking student → examinee
    2. (be) born in
      Antonym: 歿 (botsu, died in)
      1950(せんきゅうひゃくごじゅう)(ねん)(せい)
      sen-kyūhyaku-gojū-nen sei
      born in 1950

    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    Likely a contraction from 生き (iki, life, living; freshness).[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    () (ki

    1. purity, a lack of any admixture, a state of being undiluted
      ウィスキーを()()
      wisukī o ki de nomu
      drink whiskey straight

    Prefix[edit]

    () (ki-

    1. unrefined
      ()(いと)
      kiito
      raw silk
    2. pure, undefiled, unadulterated
      ()(むすめ)
      kimusume
      innocent young girl

    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    しょう
    Grade: 1
    goon

    From Middle Chinese (MC sraeng|sraengH). The 呉音 (goon) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    (しょう) (shō

    1. life; lifetime
    Derived terms[edit]

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC sraeng|sraengH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun (nal saeng))

    1. Hanja form? of (raw; uncooked).
    2. Hanja form? of (of life; to be born).
    3. Hanja form? of (to produce).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    : Hán Việt readings: sinh[1][2][3][4], sanh (()(canh)(thiết))[3][4]
    : Nôm readings: sanh[1][2][5][4][6][7], siêng[1][3][5][4][6][7], sinh[1][2][3][4][7], xinh[1][2][3][5], xênh[1][3][5], sống[1], xanh[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of sinh (to produce; to yield; to give birth to).
    2. chữ Hán form of sanh (to be born).
    3. Nôm form of siêng (diligent; assiduous).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]