黄泉
Chinese[edit]
| For pronunciation and definitions of 黄泉 – see 黃泉 (“yellow spring; underground spring; underworld; the land of the dead”). (This term is the simplified form of 黃泉). |
Notes:
|
Japanese[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 黄 | 泉 |
| よも | |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 6 |
| jukujikun | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 黃泉 (kyūjitai) |
*⟨yo2mo2⟩ → */jəmə/ → ⟨yo2mo⟩ → */jəmo/ → /jomo/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki, the oldest extant historical record of ancient Japan, compiled in 712 CE. Appears to be the older combining form of yomi (see below).
The ablaut or apophonic form of cognate 山 (yama, “mountain”). Mountains were often used as a place to bury the dead and were strongly associated with the afterlife. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 黃泉／黄泉 (huángquán, literally “yellow springs”), incorporating the underworld from Chinese mythology.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (Shinto, archaic) the land of the dead; the afterworld, underworld
Usage notes[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- 黄泉つ (yomo tsu)
- 黄泉つ軍 (yomo tsu ikusa, “army of the dead”)
- 黄泉つ神 (yomo tsu kami, “god of the dead”)
- 黄泉国, 黄泉つ国 (yomo tsu kuni, “land of the dead”)
- 黄泉醜女, 黄泉つ醜女 (yomo tsu shikome, “demoness inhabitant of the land of the dead”)
- 黄泉つ平坂 (yomo tsu hirasaka, “hills of the dead, lying between this world and the afterlife”)
- 黄泉竈食, 黄泉つ竈食い (yomo tsu hegui, “eating from the kitchen of the dead → dying, death”)
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 黄 | 泉 |
| よみ | |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 6 |
| jukujikun | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 黃泉 (kyūjitai) |
*⟨yo2mi2⟩ → */jəmwi/ → /jomi/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE) alongside its combining form yomo (see above).
The ablaut or apophonic form of yomo. For this vowel alternation, see WT:AJPX#Standalone forms and combining forms.
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 黃泉／黄泉 (huángquán, literally “yellow springs”), incorporating the underworld from Chinese mythology.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (Shinto) the land of the dead; the afterworld, underworld
Derived terms[edit]
- 蘇る, 甦る (yomigaeru, “to return from the land of the dead → to be reborn”)
- 黄泉の国 (yomi-no-kuni, “land of the dead”)
- 黄泉の旅人 (yomi no tabibito, “traveler to the land of the dead → someone who has died”)
- 黄泉戸, 黄泉門 (yomi-do, “entrance to the land of the dead”)
- 黄泉, 黄泉路 (yomiji, “road to the land of the dead”)
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 黄 | 泉 |
| よみじ | |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 6 |
| jukujikun | |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 黃泉 (kyūjitai) 黄泉路 |
Compound of 黄泉 (yomi, “land of the dead, underworld”, see above) + 路 (chi, “road”).[3] The chi changes to ji as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The kanji spelling reflects the extension of the sense from "the road to the underworld" to '"the underworld" itself.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Tokyo) よみじ [yóꜜmìjì] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
- (Tokyo) よみじ [yòmíꜜjì] (Nakadaka – [2])[1]
- IPA(key): [jo̞mʲiʑi]
Noun[edit]
- Alternative spelling of 黄泉路 (yomiji): the road to the land of the dead; by extension, the underworld itself
Usage notes[edit]
The 黄泉 spelling may be more common in certain contexts.
Derived terms[edit]
- 黄泉帰り (yomiji-gaeri, “return from the underworld; resurrection, revival”)
- 黄泉鳥 (yomiji-dori): alternative name for 虎鶫 (toratsugumi): scaly thrush (Zoothera dauma)
Etymology 4[edit]
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 黄 | 泉 |
| こう Grade: 2 |
せん Grade: 6 |
| on’yomi | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 黃泉 (kyūjitai) |
/kwau sen/ → /kwɔːseɴ/ → /kɔːseɴ/ → /koːseɴ/
From Middle Chinese 黃泉 (MC hwang dzjwen, literally “yellow springs”). Attested in various Heian period texts.[4]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
黄泉 • (kōsen) ←くわうせん (kwausen)?
- an underground spring
- the underworld, the land of the dead
Derived terms[edit]
- 黄泉の客 (kōsen no kyaku, “visitor to the land of the dead → someone who has died”)
- 黄泉の旅人 (kōsen no tabibito, “traveler to the land of the dead → someone who has died”)
Proverbs[edit]
- 黄泉の路上老少無し (kōsen no rojō rōshō nashi, “on the road to the land of the dead, there is no old or young → death comes to all, regardless of age”)
See also[edit]
- 地獄 (jigoku), 奈落 (naraku): similar concepts in Buddhism
- 高天原 (takama no hara)
- 葦原の中つ国 (ashihara no nakatsukuni)
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ “こう‐せん［クヮウ‥］ 【黄泉】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)
[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
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