短

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短 U+77ED, 短
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-77ED
← 矬
[U+77EC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 矮 →
[U+77EE]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
12 strokes

Han character[edit]

短 (Kangxi radical 111, 矢+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人大一口廿 (OKMRT), four-corner 81418, composition ⿰矢豆)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 824, character 33
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23978
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1237, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2584, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+77ED

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 短
2nd round simp. 𰦓
alternative forms 𠭴 Min Nan

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (豆) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
侸 *toː
剅 *toː, *roː
郖 *toː, *doːs
鬪 *toːs
鋀 *tʰoː
頭 *doː
豆 *doːs
逗 *doːs, *dos
痘 *doːs
梪 *doːs
脰 *doːs
荳 *doːs
浢 *doːs
餖 *doːs
毭 *doːs
豎 *djoʔ
裋 *djoʔ
短 *toːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːnʔ) : semantic 矢 + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs).

Etymology[edit]

The Proto-Min reconstructed form is *toiᴮ (Bodman, 1980). The relationship of this to the -n forms in other dialects is unclear and two theories exist:

  • Old Chinese *tˤorʔ divergently developed into (1) *toj in southeastern China, and (2) *ton elsewhere (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare also:
    • 端 (OC *tˤor) vs 瑞 (OC *[d]or-s)
    • 算 (OC *[s]ˤorʔ-s)
    • 卵 (OC *k.rˤorʔ).
  • Proto-Min may represent the original Old Chinese form, and the forms in other Chinese varieties are due to confusion with 斷 (OC *toːnʔ, *toːns, *doːnʔ, “to cut”) (Schuessler, 2007).

STEDT sets up two roots for this: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)u(ŋ/n) (“short”), whence Burmese တောင်း (taung:, “short (as in garment)”), and *dəw (“short”), whence Burmese တို (tui, “short”), Mizo tawi (“short”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • dōi - colloquial (“short (of distance)”);
  • duāng - literary (“short; deficient; shortcoming”).
Note:
  • té/tér - colloquial;
  • toán - literary.
Rime
Character 短
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都管切
Baxter twanX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tuɑnX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tʷɑnX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tuɑnX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/twanX/
Li
Rong 		/tuɑnX/
Wang
Li 		/tuɑnX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/tuɑnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		duǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dyun2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 短
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		duǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ twanX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁorʔ/
English short

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 短
Reading # 1/1
No. 2480
Phonetic
component 		豆
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		短
Old
Chinese 		/*toːnʔ/

Definitions[edit]

短

  1. short (of distance)
    Antonym: 長／长
  2. short (of time); brief
  3. (literary or Wu) short (in stature)
  4. deficient; lacking
  5. weakness; shortcoming; mistake
  6. (Mainland China, transitive) to text; to send a text message to

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 矮 (“short (in stature)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 矮
Mandarin Beijing 矮, 矬
Taiwan 矮
Tianjin 矮, 矬
Chengde 矮, 矬
Tangshan 矮, 矬
Cangzhou 矮, 矬
Baoding 矬
Shijiazhuang 矬
Chifeng 矮, 矬
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 矮
Heihe 矮, 矬
Qiqihar 矮, 矬
Harbin 矮, 矬
Jiamusi 矮, 矬
Baicheng 矮, 矬
Changchun 矮, 矬
Tonghua 矮, 矬
Shenyang 矮, 矬
Dandong 矮, 矬
Jinzhou 矮, 矬
Dalian 矮
Yantai 矮, 矬
Yantai (Muping) 矮, 矬
Qingdao 矮, 矬
Lijin 矮, 矬
Zhucheng 矮
Jinan 矮, 矬
Jining 矮
Wanrong 低
Shangqiu 矮, 矬
Zhengzhou 矮, 矬
Lingbao 矮, 矬
Xinyang 矮
Baihe 矮
Hanzhong 矮
Xi'an 矮, 矬, 低
Baoji 矮
Yinchuan 矮, 矬
Tianshui 矮, 矬
Lanzhou 矮, 矬
Dunhuang 矮, 矬
Xining 矮
Hami 矬
Ürümqi 矬, 矮
Wuhan 矮
Yichang 矮
Xiangyang 矮
Tianmen 矮, 矮矬
Hong'an 矮
Chengdu 矮
Nanchong 矮
Dazhou 矮
Hanyuan 矮
Xichang 矮
Zigong 矮
Chongqing 矮
Guiyang 矮
Zunyi 矮
Bijie 矮
Liping 矮
Zhaotong 矮
Dali 矮
Kunming 矮
Mengzi 矮
Guilin 矮
Liuzhou 矮
Jishou 矮
Changde 矮
Anqing 矮
Xuzhou 矮, 矬
Fuyang 矮
Wuhu 矮
Yangzhou 矮
Lianyungang 矮, 矬
Lianshui 矮
Nanjing 矮
Hefei 矮
Nantong 矮
Singapore 矮
Cantonese Guangzhou 矮
Hong Kong 矮
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 矮
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 矮
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 矮
Taishan 矮
Dongguan 矮
Yangjiang 矮
Gan Nanchang 矮
Lichuan 矮
Pingxiang 矮
Hakka Meixian 矮
Yudu 矮
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 矮
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 矮
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 矮
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 矮
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 矮
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 矮
Hong Kong 矮
Huizhou Jixi 矮
Shexian 矮
Jin Taiyuan 矮, 低
Yangyuan 矮, 矬
Datong 低
Xinzhou 矮, 低
Lishi 矮
Linfen 矬
Changzhi 矮, 低
Linhe 矬
Jining 矬
Hohhot 矬
Erenhot 矮, 矬
Pingshan 矬
Zhangjiakou 矮, 矬
Handan 矮, 矬
Linzhou 矮
Suide 矮
Northern Min Jian'ou 矮
Eastern Min Fuzhou 矮
Southern Min Xiamen 矮
Quanzhou 矮
Zhangzhou 矮
Taipei 矮
New Taipei (Tamsui) 矮
New Taipei (Sanxia) 矮
New Taipei (Pingxi) 矮
Kaohsiung 矮
Kaohsiung (Cijin) 矮
Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 矮
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 矮
Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 矮
Yilan (Toucheng) 矮
Tainan 矮
Tainan (Anping) 矮
Kinmen 矮
Penghu (Magong) 矮
Penghu (Xiyu) 矮
Penang (Hokkien) 矮
Chaozhou 矮
Haikou 矮
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 矮
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 矮
Wu Shanghai 矮, 短
Shanghai (Chongming) 矮
Suzhou 矮
Danyang 矮
Hangzhou 矮
Ningbo 矮
Wenzhou 矮
Jinhua 短
Xiang Changsha 矮
Loudi 矮
Shuangfeng 矮

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

短

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. short, brief

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
短
たん
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 短 (twanX, “short”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

短(たん) • (tan) 

  1. fault, weak point
  2. (music) minor

Antonyms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

短 (eumhun 짧을 단 (jjalbeul dan))

  1. Hanja form? of 단 (“short”).

Compounds[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

短: Hán Nôm readings: đoản, đuỗn, ngắn, vắn

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