arpa: difference between revisions
Lo Ximiendo (talk | contribs) edit section 3.1 (Assisted) |
extending etymological text Tag: added link |
||
Line 126: | Line 126: | ||
===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
||
From {{etyl|otk|tr}} ''arpa'' (“barley”), from {{etyl|trk-pro|tr}} {{m|trk-pro|*arpa||barley}}, which, according to the controversial Altaic hypothesis, is possibly from [[Proto-Altaic]] ''*àrp`á'' ("barley, millet"). Possible relation with Ancient Greek ''álphi'' (''άλφι'') |
From {{etyl|otk|tr}} ''arpa'' (“barley”), from {{etyl|trk-pro|tr}} {{m|trk-pro|*arpa||barley}}, which, according to the controversial Altaic hypothesis, is possibly from [[Proto-Altaic]] ''*àrp`á'' ("barley, millet"). Possible relation with Ancient Greek ''álphi'' (''άλφι'') "mixture of barley, dish, barley-groats" and Albanian ''elp'', ''-bi'' ("barley"). The Turkic form is sometimes compared with Proto-Iranian ''*arba-'' (corresponding to Greek ''alphi''), cf. East Iranian forms going back to ''*arpasyā-'' (or ''*arbasyā''), but it is not identical (loss of the final syllable is hard to explain). While Blažek (2012) prefers an Indo-European (Iranian) origin of the Altaic words for ‘barley’, Hyllestedt argues that several facts do point to a borrowing in the reverse direction. The word is “unusually common in the Turkic languages” (Stachowski 12). Starostin argues that the Proto-Japonic parallel ''*àpá'' ("millet") is a strong argument in favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form. Hyllested suggests an additional connection to some kind of root word for ‘withcraft’, hence comparing Hittite ''alpant-'' ("being bewitched, affected by sorcer") and Turkic ''arba'' ("perform magic, bewitching, tell fortunes"). |
||
The narrow semantics is in both cases coupled with a correspondence between - ''l'' - in the Indo-European forms and - ''r'' - in Altaic. At the same time, a form ''*arpa'' also occurs in Uralic word for ‘withcraft’. As is well known, religious and agricultural terms are both typical loanwords. |
|||
The Turkic word is already regarded the source of the Mongolian and Tungusic forms, and within Iranian, the word is not found oustide East Iranian (Stachowski), and its only cognates are found in Greek and Albanian, both Balkan languages. As Stachowski writes, most previous works have uncritically quoted previous works about the possible Iranian origin of the Turkic term. Tatarincev (2000) suggests that the word is an inner-Turkic derivative, formed by ''*ar-'' ("multiply oneself, be numerous") with a suffix denoting intensification, cf. Old Turkic ''arka'' ("multitude; collection; crowd, group"), and Mongolian ''arbin'' ("plentiful"). Martin (1987) and Omodaka (2000) have added Old Jap. ''*apa'' ("millet") as a plausible cognate. |
|||
Hyllestedt emphasizes that in any case it strengthens the hypothesis that we are dealing with an Altaic agricultural term of great age, and at the same time sees justified to hypothesize a similar origin of Hitt. ''alpant-'' ~ ''alwanz-''. The lambdacization in either word does not have to have happened after the borrowing since confusion between liquids is a common phenomenon already within older Altaic languages (Granberg 2008). However, there is also a possibility that ''*arpa'' is a Uralic word borrowed into Turkic at an early stage if ''-pa'' could be identified as the participial. Whatever the exact history of these two words, most signs point to an extra-Indo-European origin of both of them. Hence, ''alpant-'' should be kept apart from ''alpaš'' until evidence that they are connected would show up. However, no extra-familial relationship with Indo-European has been demonstrated at a level that would enjoy anything other than partisan support. The only exception here is that there is clear evidence for some form of substantial contact between the IE and Uralic families but these may have occurred at too late (i.e., pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian or later) to be relevant to the homeland problem. |
|||
===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
||
Line 143: | Line 149: | ||
* {{R:tr:Nishanyan|arpa}} |
* {{R:tr:Nishanyan|arpa}} |
||
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/alt/altet&text_number=++51&root=config *àrp`á] {{R:tut-pro:SDM}} |
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/alt/altet&text_number=++51&root=config *àrp`á] {{R:tut-pro:SDM}} |
||
* Hyllested, Adam. (2014). ''[http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/123468698/Ph.d._2014_Hyllested.pdf Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact]''. Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet. University of Copenhagen. pp.32-33. |
|||
* J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams. ''[https://books.google.de/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]''. Taylor & Francis, 1997. p. 292. |
|||
[[az:arpa]] |
[[az:arpa]] |
Revision as of 17:29, 27 March 2015
Asturian
Noun
arpa f (plural arpes)
- Template:l/en (musical instrument)
Catalan
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Late Latin (deprecated template usage) harpa, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *harpǭ.
Noun
arpa f (plural arpes)
Crimean Tatar
(deprecated use of |lang=
parameter) (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Is there a Turkic root to this word?”)
Noun
arpa (accusative [please provide], plural [please provide])
References
- Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary][1], Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN
Finnish
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Uralic *arpa
Pronunciation
- (deprecated use of
|lang=
parameter) IPA(key): /ˈɑrpɑ/
Noun
arpa
- lot (for example dice)
Declension
Inflection of arpa (Kotus type 9*E/kala, p-v gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | arpa | arvat | |
genitive | arvan | arpojen | |
partitive | arpaa | arpoja | |
illative | arpaan | arpoihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | arpa | arvat | |
accusative | nom. | arpa | arvat |
gen. | arvan | ||
genitive | arvan | arpojen arpain rare | |
partitive | arpaa | arpoja | |
inessive | arvassa | arvoissa | |
elative | arvasta | arvoista | |
illative | arpaan | arpoihin | |
adessive | arvalla | arvoilla | |
ablative | arvalta | arvoilta | |
allative | arvalle | arvoille | |
essive | arpana | arpoina | |
translative | arvaksi | arvoiksi | |
abessive | arvatta | arvoitta | |
instructive | — | arvoin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Related terms
Anagrams
Hiligaynon
Noun
árpa
Italian
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Late Latin (deprecated template usage) harpa, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *harpǭ.
Noun
arpa f (plural arpe)
Anagrams
Occitan
Noun
arpa f (plural arpas)
- (deprecated template usage) (deprecated label) harp
- claw
Derived terms
- (claw): arpar
Spanish
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Late Latin (deprecated template usage) harpa, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *harpǭ.
Noun
arpa f (plural arpas)
- harp (musical instrument)
Usage notes
- Feminine nouns beginning with stressed /ˈa/ like this one regularly take the singular articles el and un, usually reserved for masculine nouns.
- el arpa, un arpa
- They maintain the usual feminine singular articles la and una if an adjective intervenes between the article and the noun.
Turkish
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Turkic arpa (“barley”), from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Turkic *arpa (“barley”), which, according to the controversial Altaic hypothesis, is possibly from Proto-Altaic *àrp`á ("barley, millet"). Possible relation with Ancient Greek álphi (άλφι) "mixture of barley, dish, barley-groats" and Albanian elp, -bi ("barley"). The Turkic form is sometimes compared with Proto-Iranian *arba- (corresponding to Greek alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to *arpasyā- (or *arbasyā), but it is not identical (loss of the final syllable is hard to explain). While Blažek (2012) prefers an Indo-European (Iranian) origin of the Altaic words for ‘barley’, Hyllestedt argues that several facts do point to a borrowing in the reverse direction. The word is “unusually common in the Turkic languages” (Stachowski 12). Starostin argues that the Proto-Japonic parallel *àpá ("millet") is a strong argument in favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form. Hyllested suggests an additional connection to some kind of root word for ‘withcraft’, hence comparing Hittite alpant- ("being bewitched, affected by sorcer") and Turkic arba ("perform magic, bewitching, tell fortunes").
The narrow semantics is in both cases coupled with a correspondence between - l - in the Indo-European forms and - r - in Altaic. At the same time, a form *arpa also occurs in Uralic word for ‘withcraft’. As is well known, religious and agricultural terms are both typical loanwords.
The Turkic word is already regarded the source of the Mongolian and Tungusic forms, and within Iranian, the word is not found oustide East Iranian (Stachowski), and its only cognates are found in Greek and Albanian, both Balkan languages. As Stachowski writes, most previous works have uncritically quoted previous works about the possible Iranian origin of the Turkic term. Tatarincev (2000) suggests that the word is an inner-Turkic derivative, formed by *ar- ("multiply oneself, be numerous") with a suffix denoting intensification, cf. Old Turkic arka ("multitude; collection; crowd, group"), and Mongolian arbin ("plentiful"). Martin (1987) and Omodaka (2000) have added Old Jap. *apa ("millet") as a plausible cognate.
Hyllestedt emphasizes that in any case it strengthens the hypothesis that we are dealing with an Altaic agricultural term of great age, and at the same time sees justified to hypothesize a similar origin of Hitt. alpant- ~ alwanz-. The lambdacization in either word does not have to have happened after the borrowing since confusion between liquids is a common phenomenon already within older Altaic languages (Granberg 2008). However, there is also a possibility that *arpa is a Uralic word borrowed into Turkic at an early stage if -pa could be identified as the participial. Whatever the exact history of these two words, most signs point to an extra-Indo-European origin of both of them. Hence, alpant- should be kept apart from alpaš until evidence that they are connected would show up. However, no extra-familial relationship with Indo-European has been demonstrated at a level that would enjoy anything other than partisan support. The only exception here is that there is clear evidence for some form of substantial contact between the IE and Uralic families but these may have occurred at too late (i.e., pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian or later) to be relevant to the homeland problem.
Pronunciation
- (deprecated use of
|lang=
parameter) IPA(key): /ɑɾ.pɑ/ - (deprecated use of
|lang=
parameter) Hyphenation: ar‧pa
Noun
arpa (definite accusative arpayı, plural arpalar)
Declension
References
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “arpa”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- *àrp`á Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- Hyllested, Adam. (2014). Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact. Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet. University of Copenhagen. pp.32-33.
- J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis, 1997. p. 292.
- Asturian lemmas
- Asturian nouns
- Asturian entries with topic categories using raw markup
- Asturian feminine nouns
- ast:Musical instruments
- Catalan terms derived from Late Latin
- Catalan terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan nouns
- Catalan countable nouns
- Catalan feminine nouns
- ca:Musical instruments
- Crimean Tatar lemmas
- Crimean Tatar nouns
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish nouns
- Finnish kala-type nominals
- Hiligaynon lemmas
- Hiligaynon nouns
- Italian terms derived from Late Latin
- Italian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Italian lemmas
- Italian nouns
- Italian countable nouns
- Italian entries with topic categories using raw markup
- Italian feminine nouns
- it:Musical instruments
- Occitan lemmas
- Occitan nouns
- Occitan feminine nouns
- Occitan countable nouns
- Spanish terms derived from Late Latin
- Spanish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish nouns
- Spanish countable nouns
- Spanish feminine nouns
- es:Musical instruments
- Turkish terms derived from Old Turkic
- Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish nouns