arpa

See also: árpa, ARPA, and .arpa

Asturian

Noun

arpa f (plural arpes)

1. Template:l/en (musical instrument)

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Catalan

Etymology

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Late Latin (deprecated template usage) harpa, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *harpǭ.

Noun

arpa f (plural arpes)

1. harp

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Crimean Tatar

(deprecated use of |lang= parameter) (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Is there a Turkic root to this word?”)

Noun

arpa (accusative [please provide], plural [please provide])

1. barley

References

• Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎^[1], Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN

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Finnish

Etymology

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Uralic *arpa

Pronunciation

• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): /ˈɑrpɑ/

Noun

arpa

1. lot (for example dice)

Declension

Inflection of arpa (Kotus type 9*E/kala, p-v gradation)
nominative		arpa	arvat
genitive		arvan	arpojen
partitive		arpaa	arpoja
illative		arpaan	arpoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		arpa	arvat
accusative	nom.	arpa	arvat
	gen.	arvan
genitive		arvan	arpojen arpain rare
partitive		arpaa	arpoja
inessive		arvassa	arvoissa
elative		arvasta	arvoista
illative		arpaan	arpoihin
adessive		arvalla	arvoilla
ablative		arvalta	arvoilta
allative		arvalle	arvoille
essive		arpana	arpoina
translative		arvaksi	arvoiksi
abessive		arvatta	arvoitta
instructive		—	arvoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of arpa (Kotus type 9*E/kala, p-v gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative arpani arpani accusative nom. arpani arpani gen. arpani genitive arpani arpojeni arpaini rare partitive arpaani arpojani inessive arvassani arvoissani elative arvastani arvoistani illative arpaani arpoihini adessive arvallani arvoillani ablative arvaltani arvoiltani allative arvalleni arvoilleni essive arpanani arpoinani translative arvakseni arvoikseni abessive arvattani arvoittani instructive — — comitative — arpoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative arpasi arpasi accusative nom. arpasi arpasi gen. arpasi genitive arpasi arpojesi arpaisi rare partitive arpaasi arpojasi inessive arvassasi arvoissasi elative arvastasi arvoistasi illative arpaasi arpoihisi adessive arvallasi arvoillasi ablative arvaltasi arvoiltasi allative arvallesi arvoillesi essive arpanasi arpoinasi translative arvaksesi arvoiksesi abessive arvattasi arvoittasi instructive — — comitative — arpoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative arpamme arpamme accusative nom. arpamme arpamme gen. arpamme genitive arpamme arpojemme arpaimme rare partitive arpaamme arpojamme inessive arvassamme arvoissamme elative arvastamme arvoistamme illative arpaamme arpoihimme adessive arvallamme arvoillamme ablative arvaltamme arvoiltamme allative arvallemme arvoillemme essive arpanamme arpoinamme translative arvaksemme arvoiksemme abessive arvattamme arvoittamme instructive — — comitative — arpoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative arpanne arpanne accusative nom. arpanne arpanne gen. arpanne genitive arpanne arpojenne arpainne rare partitive arpaanne arpojanne inessive arvassanne arvoissanne elative arvastanne arvoistanne illative arpaanne arpoihinne adessive arvallanne arvoillanne ablative arvaltanne arvoiltanne allative arvallenne arvoillenne essive arpananne arpoinanne translative arvaksenne arvoiksenne abessive arvattanne arvoittanne instructive — — comitative — arpoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative arpansa arpansa accusative nom. arpansa arpansa gen. arpansa genitive arpansa arpojensa arpainsa rare partitive arpaansa arpojaan arpojansa inessive arvassaan arvassansa arvoissaan arvoissansa elative arvastaan arvastansa arvoistaan arvoistansa illative arpaansa arpoihinsa adessive arvallaan arvallansa arvoillaan arvoillansa ablative arvaltaan arvaltansa arvoiltaan arvoiltansa allative arvalleen arvallensa arvoilleen arvoillensa essive arpanaan arpanansa arpoinaan arpoinansa translative arvakseen arvaksensa arvoikseen arvoiksensa abessive arvattaan arvattansa arvoittaan arvoittansa instructive — — comitative — arpoineen arpoinensa

Related terms

• arpajaiset
• arpakuutio
• arpoa
• arvonta

Anagrams

• para, rapa

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Hiligaynon

Noun

árpa

1. harp, lyre

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Italian

Etymology

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Late Latin (deprecated template usage) harpa, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *harpǭ.

Noun

arpa f (plural arpe)

1. harp (musical instrument)
2. claw

Anagrams

• apra
• para, parà
• rapa

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Occitan

Noun

arpa f (plural arpas)

1. (deprecated template usage) (deprecated label) harp
2. claw

Derived terms

• (claw): arpar

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Spanish

Etymology

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Late Latin (deprecated template usage) harpa, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *harpǭ.

Noun

arpa f (plural arpas)

1. harp (musical instrument)

Usage notes

• Feminine nouns beginning with stressed /ˈa/ like this one regularly take the singular articles el and un, usually reserved for masculine nouns.

  el arpa, un arpa

• They maintain the usual feminine singular articles la and una if an adjective intervenes between the article and the noun.

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Turkish

Etymology

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Turkic arpa (“barley”), from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Turkic *arpa (“barley”), which, according to the controversial Altaic hypothesis, is possibly from Proto-Altaic *àrp`á ("barley, millet"). Possible relation with Ancient Greek álphi (άλφι) "mixture of barley, dish, barley-groats" and Albanian elp, -bi ("barley"). The Turkic form is sometimes compared with Proto-Iranian *arba- (corresponding to Greek alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to *arpasyā- (or *arbasyā), but it is not identical (loss of the final syllable is hard to explain). While Blažek (2012) prefers an Indo-European (Iranian) origin of the Altaic words for ‘barley’, Hyllestedt argues that several facts do point to a borrowing in the reverse direction. The word is “unusually common in the Turkic languages” (Stachowski 12). Starostin argues that the Proto-Japonic parallel *àpá ("millet") is a strong argument in favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form. Hyllested suggests an additional connection to some kind of root word for ‘withcraft’, hence comparing Hittite alpant- ("being bewitched, affected by sorcer") and Turkic arba ("perform magic, bewitching, tell fortunes").

The narrow semantics is in both cases coupled with a correspondence between - l - in the Indo-European forms and - r - in Altaic. At the same time, a form *arpa also occurs in Uralic word for ‘withcraft’. As is well known, religious and agricultural terms are both typical loanwords.

The Turkic word is already regarded the source of the Mongolian and Tungusic forms, and within Iranian, the word is not found oustide East Iranian (Stachowski), and its only cognates are found in Greek and Albanian, both Balkan languages. As Stachowski writes, most previous works have uncritically quoted previous works about the possible Iranian origin of the Turkic term. Tatarincev (2000) suggests that the word is an inner-Turkic derivative, formed by *ar- ("multiply oneself, be numerous") with a suffix denoting intensification, cf. Old Turkic arka ("multitude; collection; crowd, group"), and Mongolian arbin ("plentiful"). Martin (1987) and Omodaka (2000) have added Old Jap. *apa ("millet") as a plausible cognate.

Hyllestedt emphasizes that in any case it strengthens the hypothesis that we are dealing with an Altaic agricultural term of great age, and at the same time sees justified to hypothesize a similar origin of Hitt. alpant- ~ alwanz-. The lambdacization in either word does not have to have happened after the borrowing since confusion between liquids is a common phenomenon already within older Altaic languages (Granberg 2008). However, there is also a possibility that *arpa is a Uralic word borrowed into Turkic at an early stage if -pa could be identified as the participial. Whatever the exact history of these two words, most signs point to an extra-Indo-European origin of both of them. Hence, alpant- should be kept apart from alpaš until evidence that they are connected would show up. However, no extra-familial relationship with Indo-European has been demonstrated at a level that would enjoy anything other than partisan support. The only exception here is that there is clear evidence for some form of substantial contact between the IE and Uralic families but these may have occurred at too late (i.e., pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian or later) to be relevant to the homeland problem.

Pronunciation

• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): /ɑɾ.pɑ/
• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Hyphenation: ar‧pa

Noun

arpa (definite accusative arpayı, plural arpalar)

1. barley

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “arpa”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• *àrp`á Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Hyllested, Adam. (2014). Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact. Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet. University of Copenhagen. pp.32-33.
• J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis, 1997. p. 292.