ऊर्ध्व

Sanskrit

FWOTD – 16 May 2021

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• ঊৰ্ধ্ব (Assamese script)
• ᬊᬃᬥ᭄ᬯ (Balinese script)
• ঊর্ধ্ব (Bengali script)
• 𑰅𑰨𑰿𑰠𑰿𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀊𑀭𑁆𑀥𑁆𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ဦရ်္ဓွ (Burmese script)
• ઊર્ધ્વ (Gujarati script)
• ਊਰ੍ਧ੍ਵ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌊𑌰𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌵 (Grantha script)
• ꦈꦴꦂꦣ꧀ꦮ (Javanese script)
• 𑂈𑂩𑂹𑂡𑂹𑂫 (Kaithi script)
• ಊರ್ಧ್ವ (Kannada script)
• ឩធ៌្វ (Khmer script)
• ອູຣ຺ຘ຺ວ (Lao script)
• ഊര്ധ്വ (Malayalam script)
• ᡠᡠᡵᢡᠣᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘅𑘨𑘿𑘠𑘿𑘪 (Modi script)
• ᠤᠤᠷᢑᠾᢦ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦥𑧈𑧠𑧀𑧠𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐅𑐬𑑂𑐢𑑂𑐰 (Newa script)
• ଊର୍ଧ୍ଵ (Odia script)
• ꢇꢬ꣄ꢤ꣄ꢮ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆈𑆫𑇀𑆣𑇀𑆮 (Sharada script)
• 𑖅𑖨𑖿𑖠𑖿𑖪 (Siddham script)
• ඌර්‍ධ‍්ව (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩒𑩛𑩼 𑪙𑩮 𑪙𑩾 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚅𑚤𑚶𑚜𑚶𑚦 (Takri script)
• ஊர்த்⁴வ (Tamil script)
• ఊర్ధ్వ (Telugu script)
• อูรฺธฺว (Thai script)
• ཨཱུ་རྡྷྭ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒆𑒩𑓂𑒡𑓂𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨀𑨃𑨊𑨫𑩇𑨜𑩇𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s (“high, upright”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬡𐬀 (ər^əδβa), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós), Latin arduus, Old Norse ǫrðugr (“steep”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /uːɾdʱ.ʋɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /uːɾd̪ʱ.ʋɐ/

Adjective

ऊ॒र्ध्व • (ūrdhvá) stem

1. rising or tending upwards, raised, elevated, erected, erect, upright, high, above
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.36.13:

     ऊ॒र्ध्व ऊ॒ षु ण॑ ऊ॒तये॒ तिष्ठा॑ दे॒वो न स॑वि॒ता।
     ऊ॒र्ध्वो वाज॑स्य॒ सनि॑ता॒ यद॒ञ्जिभि॑र्वा॒घद्भि॑र्वि॒ह्वया॑महे॥

     ūrdhvá ū ṣú ṇa ūtáye tíṣṭhā devó ná savitā́.
     ūrdhvó vā́jasya sánitā yádañjíbhirvāghádbhirvihváyāmahe.

     Stand up erect to lend us aid, stand up like Savitā the God:
     Erect as strength-bestower we call aloud, with unguents and with priests, on thee.

Usage notes

In Classical Sanskrit occurring chiefly in compounds.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of ऊ॒र्ध्व

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऊ॒र्ध्वः (ūrdhváḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वौ (ūrdhváu) ऊ॒र्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ) ऊ॒र्ध्वासः॑¹ (ūrdhvā́saḥ¹)
accusative	ऊ॒र्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám)	ऊ॒र्ध्वौ (ūrdhváu) ऊ॒र्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)	ऊ॒र्ध्वान् (ūrdhvā́n)
instrumental	ऊ॒र्ध्वेन॑ (ūrdhvéna)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वैः (ūrdhváiḥ) ऊ॒र्ध्वेभिः॑¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऊ॒र्ध्वाय॑ (ūrdhvā́ya)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेभ्यः॑ (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऊ॒र्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेभ्यः॑ (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऊ॒र्ध्वस्य॑ (ūrdhvásya)	ऊ॒र्ध्वयोः॑ (ūrdhváyoḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाना॑म् (ūrdhvā́nām)
locative	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वयोः॑ (ūrdhváyoḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेषु॑ (ūrdhvéṣu)
vocative	ऊर्ध्व॑ (ū́rdhva)	ऊर्ध्वौ॑ (ū́rdhvau) ऊर्ध्वा॑¹ (ū́rdhvā¹)	ऊर्ध्वाः॑ (ū́rdhvāḥ) ऊर्ध्वा॑सः¹ (ū́rdhvāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of ऊ॒र्ध्वा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऊ॒र्ध्वा (ūrdhvā́)	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ)
accusative	ऊ॒र्ध्वाम् (ūrdhvā́m)	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाः (ūrdhvā́ḥ)
instrumental	ऊ॒र्ध्वया॑ (ūrdhváyā) ऊ॒र्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभिः॑ (ūrdhvā́bhiḥ)
dative	ऊ॒र्ध्वायै॑ (ūrdhvā́yai)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्यः॑ (ūrdhvā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	ऊ॒र्ध्वायाः॑ (ūrdhvā́yāḥ) ऊ॒र्ध्वायै॑² (ūrdhvā́yai²)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्यः॑ (ūrdhvā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	ऊ॒र्ध्वायाः॑ (ūrdhvā́yāḥ) ऊ॒र्ध्वायै॑² (ūrdhvā́yai²)	ऊ॒र्ध्वयोः॑ (ūrdhváyoḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाना॑म् (ūrdhvā́nām)
locative	ऊ॒र्ध्वाया॑म् (ūrdhvā́yām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वयोः॑ (ūrdhváyoḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वासु॑ (ūrdhvā́su)
vocative	ऊर्ध्वे॑ (ū́rdhve)	ऊर्ध्वे॑ (ū́rdhve)	ऊर्ध्वाः॑ (ū́rdhvāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of ऊ॒र्ध्व

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऊ॒र्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám)	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वानि॑ (ūrdhvā́ni) ऊ॒र्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
accusative	ऊ॒र्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám)	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वानि॑ (ūrdhvā́ni) ऊ॒र्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
instrumental	ऊ॒र्ध्वेन॑ (ūrdhvéna)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वैः (ūrdhváiḥ) ऊ॒र्ध्वेभिः॑¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऊ॒र्ध्वाय॑ (ūrdhvā́ya)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेभ्यः॑ (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऊ॒र्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेभ्यः॑ (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऊ॒र्ध्वस्य॑ (ūrdhvásya)	ऊ॒र्ध्वयोः॑ (ūrdhváyoḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाना॑म् (ūrdhvā́nām)
locative	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वयोः॑ (ūrdhváyoḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेषु॑ (ūrdhvéṣu)
vocative	ऊर्ध्व॑ (ū́rdhva)	ऊर्ध्वे॑ (ū́rdhve)	ऊर्ध्वा॑नि (ū́rdhvāni) ऊर्ध्वा॑¹ (ū́rdhvā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

Descendants

• Pali: uddha, ubbha
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀥 (uddha), 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha)
  • Awadhi: ऊभ (ūbh)
  • Old Gujarati: ऊभउं (ūbhaũ)
    • Gujarati: ઊભું (ūbhũ)
    • Marwari: ऊभौ (ūbhau)
  • Nepali: उभो (ubho)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha)
  • Marathi: उभे (ubhe)
  • Konkani: उभो (ubho)

Noun

ऊ॒र्ध्व • (ūrdhvá) stem, n

1. height, elevation
2. anything placed above or higher (+ ablative)

   ऊर्ध्वं-गच्छति ― √gam ― to go upwards or into heaven, die

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of ऊ॒र्ध्व

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ऊ॒र्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám)	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वानि॑ (ūrdhvā́ni) ऊ॒र्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
accusative	ऊ॒र्ध्वम् (ūrdhvám)	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वानि॑ (ūrdhvā́ni) ऊ॒र्ध्वा¹ (ūrdhvā́¹)
instrumental	ऊ॒र्ध्वेन॑ (ūrdhvéna)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वैः (ūrdhváiḥ) ऊ॒र्ध्वेभिः॑¹ (ūrdhvébhiḥ¹)
dative	ऊ॒र्ध्वाय॑ (ūrdhvā́ya)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेभ्यः॑ (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
ablative	ऊ॒र्ध्वात् (ūrdhvā́t)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाभ्या॑म् (ūrdhvā́bhyām)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेभ्यः॑ (ūrdhvébhyaḥ)
genitive	ऊ॒र्ध्वस्य॑ (ūrdhvásya)	ऊ॒र्ध्वयोः॑ (ūrdhváyoḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वाना॑म् (ūrdhvā́nām)
locative	ऊ॒र्ध्वे (ūrdhvé)	ऊ॒र्ध्वयोः॑ (ūrdhváyoḥ)	ऊ॒र्ध्वेषु॑ (ūrdhvéṣu)
vocative	ऊर्ध्व॑ (ū́rdhva)	ऊर्ध्वे॑ (ū́rdhve)	ऊर्ध्वा॑नि (ū́rdhvāni) ऊर्ध्वा॑¹ (ū́rdhvā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Preposition

ऊर्ध्व • (ūrdhvá)

1. in the sequel, in the later part (e.g. of a book or manuscript; because in Sanskrit manuscripts the later leaves stand above), subsequent, after (with ablative)

   अत ऊर्ध्वम् (ata ūrdhvam), or इत ऊर्ध्वम् (ita ūrdhvam) ― hence forward, from that time forward, after that passage, hereafter

   ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात् ― ūrdhvaṃ saṃvatsarāt ― after a year

   ऊर्ध्वं देहात् ― ūrdhvaṃ dehāt ― after life, after death

2. after, after the death of (+ ablative)

   ऊर्ध्वं पितुः ― ūrdhvaṃ pituḥ ― after the father's death

3. in a high tone, aloud

Descendants

• Pali: uddha, ubbha
• Palula:

  Latin script: huṇḍ

  Arabic script: ہُنڈ

• Prakrit: 𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀠 (uḍḍha), 𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀥 (uddha), 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha) (see there for further descendants)
• Irula: உத்த்ய (uttya)

Further reading

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “ūrdhvá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 115