पुरुष

See also: परुष

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पुरुष (puruṣa).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Hindi) IPA^(key): /pʊ.ɾʊʂ/, [pʊ.ɾʊʃ]

Noun

पुरुष • (puruṣ) m (Urdu spelling پرش)

1. man, male

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:पुरुष

   Antonyms: see Thesaurus:महिला

   यह स्नानघर केवल पुरुषों के लिए है।

   yah snānghar keval puruṣõ ke lie hai.

   This bathroom is for men only.

   पुरुष की तरह लड़ो! ― puruṣ kī tarah laṛo! ― Fight like a man!

2. person

   Synonym: व्यक्ति (vyakti)

   अनेक पुरुष भवन के बाहर हैं।

   anek puruṣ bhavan ke bāhar ha͠i.

   Many people are outside the building.

Declension

Declension of पुरुष (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुष puruṣ
oblique	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुषों puruṣõ
vocative	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुषो puruṣo

Related terms

• तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣ)

References

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “पुरुष”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 3057
• Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “पुरुष”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 433
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “पुरुष”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 638
• Bahri, Hardev (1989), “पुरुष”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons, page 397.

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit पुरुष (púruṣa). First attested as Old Marathi 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (puruṣa), 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘏 (purukha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pu.ɾuʂ/, [pu.ɾuːʂ]
• Rhymes: -uʂ
• Hyphenation: पु‧रुष

Noun

पुरुष • (puruṣ) m

1. man, human male

   Synonyms: नर (nar), मर्द (marda)

   तो एक साधा पण स्वाभिमानी पुरुष आहे.

   to ek sādhā paṇ svābhimānī puruṣ āhe.

   He is a simple but self-respecting man.

2. (obsolete) person

   Synonyms: व्यक्ती (vyaktī), इसम (isam)

Declension

Declension of पुरुष (masc cons-stem)

	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुष puruṣ
oblique सामान्यरूप	पुरुषा puruṣā	पुरुषां- puruṣā̃-
accusative / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	पुरुषाला puruṣālā	पुरुषांना puruṣānnā
ergative	पुरुषाने, पुरुषानं puruṣāne, puruṣāna	पुरुषांनी puruṣānnī
instrumental	पुरुषाशी puruṣāśī	पुरुषांशी puruṣāuśī
locative सप्तमी	पुरुषात puruṣāt	पुरुषांत puruṣānta
vocative संबोधन	पुरुषा puruṣā	पुरुषांनो puruṣānno

Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions.
There is no space between the stem and the postposition.
Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of पुरुष (masc cons-stem)

	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	पुरुषाचा puruṣācā	पुरुषाचे puruṣāce	पुरुषाची puruṣācī	पुरुषाच्या puruṣācyā	पुरुषाचे, पुरुषाचं puruṣāce, puruṣāca	पुरुषाची puruṣācī	पुरुषाच्या puruṣācyā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	पुरुषांचा puruṣāñcā	पुरुषांचे puruṣāñce	पुरुषांची puruṣāñcī	पुरुषांच्या puruṣāñcyā	पुरुषांचे, पुरुषांचं puruṣāñce, puruṣāñca	पुरुषांची puruṣāñcī	पुरुषांच्या puruṣāñcyā

^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a).
Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Related terms

• पुरुषार्थ (puruṣārtha)

References

More information

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “पुरुष”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “पुरुष”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950), “पुरुष”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ)

Further reading

• Shankar Gopal Tulpule; Anne Feldhaus (1999), “पुरुष”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• पूरुष (pū́ruṣa)

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• পুৰুষ (Assamese script)
• ᬧᬸᬭᬸᬱ (Balinese script)
• পুরুষ (Bengali script)
• 𑰢𑰲𑰨𑰲𑰬 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀼𑀱 (Brahmi script)
• ပုရုၑ (Burmese script)
• પુરુષ (Gujarati script)
• ਪੁਰੁਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌪𑍁𑌰𑍁𑌷 (Grantha script)
• ꦥꦸꦫꦸꦰ (Javanese script)
• 𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂳𑂭 (Kaithi script)
• ಪುರುಷ (Kannada script)
• បុរុឞ (Khmer script)
• ປຸຣຸຩ (Lao script)
• പുരുഷ (Malayalam script)
• ᢒᡠᡵᡠᢢᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (Modi script)
• ᢒᠤᠷᠤᢔᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧂𑧔𑧈𑧔𑧌 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐥𑐸𑐬𑐸𑐲 (Newa script)
• ପୁରୁଷ (Odia script)
• ꢦꢸꢬꢸꢰ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆥𑆶𑆫𑆶𑆰 (Sharada script)
• 𑖢𑖲𑖨𑖲𑖬 (Siddham script)
• පුරුෂ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩰𑩒𑩼𑩒𑪀 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚞𑚰𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
• புருஷ (Tamil script)
• పురుష (Telugu script)
• ปุรุษ (Thai script)
• པུ་རུ་ཥ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒣𑒳𑒩𑒳𑒭 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨞𑨃𑨫𑨃𑨯 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Probably an alteration of *pū́rṣa (by analogy with mánuṣa, see मनुष्य (manuṣyà, “man”)), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pŕ̥Hṣas (“man”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to produce, beget”). Cognate with Pali purisa, Ashokan Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀲 (pulisa, “man”), Magadhi Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀰 (puliśa). Further related to Latin pariō (“to spawn, to beget”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /pú.ɾu.ʂɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pu.ɾu.ʂɐ/

Noun

पुरु॑ष • (púruṣa) stem, m (female equivalent पुरुषी)

1. man, male, human being
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.165.3:

     हे॒तिः प॒क्षिणी॒ न द॑भात्य॒स्माना॒ष्ट्र्यां प॒दं कृ॑णुते अग्नि॒धाने॑ ।
     शं नो॒ गोभ्य॑श्च॒ पुरु॑षेभ्यश्चास्तु॒ मा नो॑ हिंसीदि॒ह दे॑वाः क॒पोतः॑ ॥

     hetíḥ pakṣíṇī ná dabhātyasmā́nāṣṭryā́ṃ padáṃ kṛṇute agnidhā́ne.
     śáṃ no góbhyaśca púruṣebhyaścāstu mā́ no hiṃsīdihá devāḥ kapótaḥ.

     Let not the winged Arrow distract us: beside the fire-place, on the hearth it settles.
     May it bring welfare to our men and cattle: here let the Dove, ye Gods, forbear to harm us.

2. person, officer, functionary, attendant, servant
3. (Vedic religion) Purusha, the divine being from whom the universe is said to be originated
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.90.1:

     स॒हस्र॑शीर्षा॒ पुरु॑षः सहस्रा॒क्षः स॒हस्र॑पात् ।
     स भूमिं॑ वि॒श्वतो॑ वृ॒त्वात्य॑तिष्ठद्दशाङ्गु॒लम् ॥

     sahásraśīrṣā púruṣaḥ sahasrākṣáḥ sahásrapāt.
     sá bhū́miṃ viśváto vṛtvā́tyatiṣṭhaddaśāṅgulám.

     Puruṣa, who has a thousand heads, a thousand eyes, a thousand feet,
     investing the earth in all directions, exceeds (it by a space) measuring ten fingers.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of पुरु॑ष

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पुरु॑षः (púruṣaḥ)	पुरु॑षौ (púruṣau) पुरु॑षा¹ (púruṣā¹)	पुरु॑षाः (púruṣāḥ) पुरु॑षासः¹ (púruṣāsaḥ¹)
accusative	पुरु॑षम् (púruṣam)	पुरु॑षौ (púruṣau) पुरु॑षा¹ (púruṣā¹)	पुरु॑षान् (púruṣān)
instrumental	पुरु॑षेण (púruṣeṇa)	पुरु॑षाभ्याम् (púruṣābhyām)	पुरु॑षैः (púruṣaiḥ) पुरु॑षेभिः¹ (púruṣebhiḥ¹)
dative	पुरु॑षाय (púruṣāya)	पुरु॑षाभ्याम् (púruṣābhyām)	पुरु॑षेभ्यः (púruṣebhyaḥ)
ablative	पुरु॑षात् (púruṣāt)	पुरु॑षाभ्याम् (púruṣābhyām)	पुरु॑षेभ्यः (púruṣebhyaḥ)
genitive	पुरु॑षस्य (púruṣasya)	पुरु॑षयोः (púruṣayoḥ)	पुरु॑षाणाम् (púruṣāṇām)
locative	पुरु॑षे (púruṣe)	पुरु॑षयोः (púruṣayoḥ)	पुरु॑षेषु (púruṣeṣu)
vocative	पुरु॑ष (púruṣa)	पुरु॑षौ (púruṣau) पुरु॑षा¹ (púruṣā¹)	पुरु॑षाः (púruṣāḥ) पुरु॑षासः¹ (púruṣāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• उत्तमपुरुष (uttamapuruṣa)
• पुरुष्य (puruṣyà)
• पौरुष (pauruṣá)
• पौरुषेय (páuruṣeya)
• प्रथमपुरुष (prathamapuruṣa)
• मध्यमपुरुष (madhyamapuruṣa)

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Kalasha:
    • Arabic script: پوُروُشؕ
    • Latin script: púruṣ
• Hindustani:
  • Hindi: पुरुख (purukh)
  • Urdu: پُرُکھ (purukh)
• Old Punjabi: ਪੁਰਖੁ (purakhu)
  • Punjabi:
    • Gurmukhi script: ਪੁਰਖ (purakh), ਪੁਰਸ਼ (puraś)
    • Shahmukhi script: پُرَکھ (purakh), پُرَش (puraś)
• → Assamese: পুৰুষ (purux)
• → Bengali: পুরুষ (puruś)
• → English: purusha (learned)
• → Gujarati: પુરુષ (puruṣ)
• → Hindi: पुरुष (puruṣ)
• → Urdu: پرش (puruś)
• → Kannada: ಪುರುಷ (puruṣa)
• → Khmer: ប្រុស (proh)
• → Lao: ບຸຣຸດ (bu rut)
• → Old Marathi:

  Balbodh script: पुरुख (purukha), पुरुष (puruṣa)

  Modi script: 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘏 (purukha), 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (puruṣa)

  • → Marathi: पुरुष (puruṣ)
• → Tamil: புருஷன் (puruṣaṉ, “husband, man, manhood, life, people”)
• → Telugu: పురుషుడు (puruṣuḍu)
• → Thai: บุรุษ (bù-rùt)
• → Sinhalese: පුරුෂ (puruṣa)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899), “पुरुष”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 637, column 1.
• “पु॑रुष” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 321, column 1.