忌憚

See also: 忌惮

Chinese

		avoid as taboo; jealous	dread; fear; dislike
trad. (忌憚)		忌	憚
simp. (忌惮)		忌	惮

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jìdàn

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ ㄉㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gei⁶ daan⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kī-tān

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jìdàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ ㄉㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jìdàn
    • Wade–Giles: chi⁴-tan⁴
    • Yale: jì-dàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jihdann
    • Palladius: цзидань (czidanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ tän⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gei⁶ daan⁶
    • Yale: geih daahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gei⁶ daan⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: géi⁶ dan⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯²² taːn²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kī-tān
    • Tâi-lô: kī-tān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kixdan
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ki⁴¹⁻²² tan⁴¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ki²²⁻²¹ tan²²/

Verb

忌憚

1. (literary) to fear

   • 君子之中庸也，君子而時中；小人之中庸也，小人而無忌憚也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     君子之中庸也，君子而时中；小人之中庸也，小人而无忌惮也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Jūnzǐ zhī zhōngyōng yě, jūnzǐ ér shízhōng; xiǎorén zhī zhōngyōng yě, xiǎorén ér wú jìdàn yě. [Pinyin]

     The superior man's embodying the course of the Mean is because he is a superior man, and so always maintains the Mean. The mean man's acting contrary to the course of the Mean is because he is a mean man, and has no caution.

Derived terms

• 肆無忌憚 / 肆无忌惮 (sìwújìdàn)

Related terms

• 顧忌／顾忌 (gùjì)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
忌	憚
き Grade: S	たん Hyōgai
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kʲitã̠ɴ]
• (Tokyo) きたん [kìtáń] (Heiban – [0])

Noun

忌(き)憚(たん) • (kitan) ^{←きたん (kitan)?}

1. (chiefly in the negative) reserve, restraint, hesitation

   Synonym: 遠慮

   忌(き)憚(たん)なきご意(い)見(けん)をお願(ねが)いします。

   Kitan naki go-iken o onegaishimasu.

   Please give me your honest opinions.

   (literally, “… opinions that have no reserve”)

Verb

忌(き)憚(たん)する • (kitan suru) ^{←きたん (kitan)?}suru (stem 忌(き)憚(たん)し (kitan shi), past 忌(き)憚(たん)した (kitan shita))

1. to fear

Conjugation

Conjugation of "忌憚する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	忌憚し	きたんし	kitan shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	忌憚し	きたんし	kitan shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	忌憚する	きたんする	kitan suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	忌憚する	きたんする	kitan suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	忌憚すれ	きたんすれ	kitan sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	忌憚せよ¹ 忌憚しろ²	きたんせよ¹ きたんしろ²	kitan seyo¹ kitan shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	忌憚される	きたんされる	kitan sareru
Causative	忌憚させる 忌憚さす	きたんさせる きたんさす	kitan saseru kitan sasu
Potential	忌憚できる	きたんできる	kitan dekiru
Volitional	忌憚しよう	きたんしよう	kitan shiyō
Negative	忌憚しない	きたんしない	kitan shinai
Negative continuative	忌憚せず	きたんせず	kitan sezu
Formal	忌憚します	きたんします	kitan shimasu
Perfective	忌憚した	きたんした	kitan shita
Conjunctive	忌憚して	きたんして	kitan shite
Hypothetical conditional	忌憚すれば	きたんすれば	kitan sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

• “忌^▲憚”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026