강퍅하다

Korean

Etymology

강퍅(剛愎) (gangpyak, “headstrong, stubborn”, Sino-Korean root) +‎ 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving adjectives).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠ŋpʰja̠kʰa̠da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [강퍄카다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gangpyakhada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	gangpyaghada
McCune–Reischauer?	kangp'yakhada
Yale Romanization?	kangphyak.hata

Adjective

강퍅하다 • (gangpyakhada) (infinitive 강퍅해 or 강퍅하여, sequential 강퍅하니, hanja 剛愎하다)

1. (literary) to be headstrong; to be stubborn; to be obstinate

   Synonym: 고집이 세다 (gojib-i seda)

   • 2007, Han Kang, 채식주의자 [chaesikjuuija, The Vegetarian], 22nd edition, Paju, Republic of Korea: Changbi, published 2016, →ISBN, page 75:

     유난히 이마가 좁고 하관이 빨라 강퍅해 보이는 첫인상부터 마음에 들지 않는 동서의 얼굴을 지워내며, 그는 다시 그녀를 불렀다.

     Yunanhi ima-ga jopgo hagwan-i ppalla gangpyakhae boineun cheosinsang-buteo ma'eum-e deulji anneun dongseo-ui eolgur-eul jiwo-naemyeo, geu-neun dasi geunyeo-reul bulleotda.

     Erasing the face of his brother-in-law—which he had disliked from his very first impression of him, that he looked headstrong because of his unusually narrow forehead and sharp lower jaw—he called her again.

Usage notes

• Commonly misspelled as "강팍하다 (gangpakhada)" because the fairly obscure hanja 愎 used in this word is the only character with the reading 퍅 (pyak), and the syllable does not occur in native words either.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 강퍅하다 (gangpyakhada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	강퍅하다 gangpyakhada	강퍅해 gangpyakhae	강퍅해요 gangpyakhaeyo	강퍅합니다 gangpyakhamnida
	Past	강퍅했다 gangpyakhaetda	강퍅했어 gangpyakhaesseo	강퍅했어요 gangpyakhaesseoyo	강퍅했습니다 gangpyakhaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	강퍅하냐 gangpyakhanya	강퍅해 gangpyakhae	강퍅해요 gangpyakhaeyo	강퍅합니까 gangpyakhamnikka
	Past	강퍅했냐 gangpyakhaennya	강퍅했어 gangpyakhaesseo	강퍅했어요 gangpyakhaesseoyo	강퍅했습니까 gangpyakhaetseumnikka
Assertive		강퍅하겠다 gangpyakhagetda	강퍅하겠어 gangpyakhagesseo	강퍅하겠어요 gangpyakhagesseoyo	강퍅하겠습니다 gangpyakhagetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		강퍅해 gangpyakhae	강퍅해서, 강퍅하여서 gangpyakhaeseo, gangpyakhayeoseo	강퍅하니 gangpyakhani	강퍅하니까 gangpyakhanikka
Contrast		강퍅하지만 gangpyakhajiman	강퍅한데 gangpyakhande	강퍅하더니 gangpyakhadeoni
Conjunction		강퍅하고 gangpyakhago
Condition		강퍅하면 gangpyakhamyeon	강퍅해야, 강퍅하여야 gangpyakhaeya, gangpyakhayeoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		강퍅함 gangpyakham	강퍅하기 gangpyakhagi
Past-tense verbal nouns		강퍅했음, 강퍅하였음 gangpyakhaesseum, gangpyakhayeosseum	강퍅했기, 강퍅하였기 gangpyakhaetgi, gangpyakhayeotgi
Determiners	Present		강퍅한 gangpyakhan
	Future		강퍅할 gangpyakhal

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	강퍅하시다 gangpyakhasida	강퍅하셔 gangpyakhasyeo	강퍅하세요, 강퍅하셔요 gangpyakhaseyo, gangpyakhasyeoyo	강퍅하십니다 gangpyakhasimnida
	Past	강퍅하셨다 gangpyakhasyeotda	강퍅하셨어 gangpyakhasyeosseo	강퍅하셨어요 gangpyakhasyeosseoyo	강퍅하셨습니다 gangpyakhasyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	강퍅하시냐 gangpyakhasinya	강퍅하셔 gangpyakhasyeo	강퍅하세요, 강퍅하셔요 gangpyakhaseyo, gangpyakhasyeoyo	강퍅하십니까 gangpyakhasimnikka
	Past	강퍅하셨냐 gangpyakhasyeonnya	강퍅하셨어 gangpyakhasyeosseo	강퍅하셨어요 gangpyakhasyeosseoyo	강퍅하셨습니까 gangpyakhasyeotseumnikka
Assertive		강퍅하시겠다 gangpyakhasigetda	강퍅하시겠어 gangpyakhasigesseo	강퍅하시겠어요 gangpyakhasigesseoyo	강퍅하시겠습니다 gangpyakhasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		강퍅하셔 gangpyakhasyeo	강퍅하셔서 gangpyakhasyeoseo	강퍅하시니 gangpyakhasini	강퍅하시니까 gangpyakhasinikka
Contrast		강퍅하시지만 gangpyakhasijiman	강퍅하신데 gangpyakhasinde	강퍅하시더니 gangpyakhasideoni
Conjunction		강퍅하시고 gangpyakhasigo
Condition		강퍅하시면 gangpyakhasimyeon	강퍅하셔야 gangpyakhasyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		강퍅하심 gangpyakhasim	강퍅하시기 gangpyakhasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		강퍅하셨음 gangpyakhasyeosseum	강퍅하셨기 gangpyakhasyeotgi
Determiners	Present		강퍅하신 gangpyakhasin
	Future		강퍅하실 gangpyakhasil