-는-
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Korean
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- ㄴ (-n-) — see Usage notes
Etymology
[edit]From Middle Korean ᄂᆞ (Yale: -no-), representing a merger of two independent Old Korean suffixes: 飛 (*-no-) and 臥 (*-nwu-). It is usually thought that 臥 (*-nwu-), despite the vowel shift, was closer to the present-tense meaning and that 飛 (*-no-) may have been a continuous aspect-marking suffix.[1][2]
The reduplicated form 는 (-neun-) is used since the seventeenth century, except in certain contexts (see below) where the syncopated form ㄴ (-n) is used after vowels.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [nɯn]
- Phonetic hangul: [는]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | neun |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | neun |
McCune–Reischauer? | nŭn |
Yale Romanization? | nun |
Suffix
[edit]는 • (-neun-)
- A present tense-marking suffix for verbs; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific 으시 (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix causes stem-final ㄹ (l) to drop out.
- This suffix takes the short form ㄴ (-n-) after vowels and before the formal non-polite ending 다 (-da). In all other cases, the full form is used: 안다 (anda), not *아는다 (*aneunda), but 아는가 (aneun'ga), not *안가 (*an'ga).
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ 鄭在永 (1999) “선어말어미 '內', '飛'와 '臥'”, in 口訣學會 제21회 共同硏究會 發表論文集 [from the 21st conference of the Society for Kugyol Studies], pages 63—86
- ^ 박진호 [bakjinho] (2018) “선어말어미 ‘ᄂᆞ’와 ‘누’에 대한 문법사적 고찰: 차자표기 자료와의 관련성을 중심으로”, in 口訣學會 제54회 共同硏究會 發表論文集 [from the 54th conference of the Society for Kugyol Studies], pages 1—11