Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵneh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵneh₃- (perfective)

1. to recognise, to know

Derived terms

• *ǵi-ǵneh₃-ti (reduplicated present stem)
  • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō
    • Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)
• *ǵneh₃-sḱe/o-
  • Proto-Albanian: *gnāska
    • ⇒ Albanian: njoh
• *ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)
• *ǵnéh₃-ti (root present)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: *ծան- (*can-), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) — post-Classical
      • Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) — Western Armenian
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei
    • Latgalian: zynuot
    • Latvian: zinât
    • Lithuanian: žinóti
    • Proto-Slavic: *znàti (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
• *ǵn̥h₃-tó-s
• *ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
• *ǵneh₃-dʰl-
  • Proto-Italic: *gnōðlis
    • Latin: nōbilis (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵneh₃-meh₂
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)
• *ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)
      • → Latin: grōma
  • Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵnéh₃-mō
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
      • → English: gnomon (or via Latin or a descendant thereof)
      • Greek: γνώμονας (gnómonas)
      • → Latin: gnōmōn (see there for further descendants)
      • → Latin: norma (via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵneh₃-ri-
  • Proto-Italic: *gnōriā
    • Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵn̥h₃-ro-
  • Hellenic:
    • ⇒ Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos) (formed with -ιμος (-imos))
  • Italic: *gnāros, *engnāros, *engnārāō, *gnārāō
    • Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵneh₃-ti-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)
        • → Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /⁠Zand⁠/, “Zand of Avesta”)
  • Italic: *gnōtiō
    • Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵn̥h₃-wo-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: gnāvus
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin)
    • Proto-West Germanic: *knāan
      • Old English: cnāwan
        • Middle English: knawen, knowen
          • Scots: knaw
          • English: know
          • Yola: knou, knouwe
      • Old Saxon: knāian
      • Old High German: knājan, knāen, knāan, chnāan, chnāhan
    • Old Norse: kná (present indicative form) (a defective verb; present infinitive *knega is unattested)
      • Icelandic: knega

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 373