Appendix:Etruscan word list
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The Etruscan word list below is largely from Bonfante (2002).[1]
(Note: <c> and <e> are printed very similarly in the original text, so doublecheck <c> and <e> below.)
List[edit]
| Etruscan | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ac- (acnanasa) | make, offer, work |
| acale (aclus) | June |
| acazrce, acasce | made |
| acil | work, thing made; it is necessary |
| afer, afr | parents, ancestors[2] |
| ais, eis | god (aisar, eisar = gods) |
| aisine | sacrifice (Umbrian esono) |
| aisiu, aisna, eisna | divine, of the gods |
| al- | give, offer (alpan) |
| alpan, alpnu | gift, offering; gladly (Latin libens, Greek chaire) |
| alphaze | offering, probably specifically of barley-meal |
| alumnathe | loc., place [of congregation?] |
| alumnathuras | group of alumna disciples (of Bacchus and Catha?): thur, coll. |
| am- | to be |
| ampiles | May |
| an (ana, ane, anc, ancn, ananc) | he, she, this, that, rel. pronoun |
| apa | father |
| apana | related to the father, paternal |
| aper | funerary sacrifice? (Latin parentare) |
| aprinthvale | priest? (apa?) |
| Arnth | proper name (inasc.) |
| ar- | make, carry out[3] |
| ars- | push away ? |
| aska | name of vase (Greek askos) |
| aterś, aturs, atrs, atrus | descendant |
| athre | building (Latin atrium?) |
| athumi | nobility? |
| ati | mother |
| ativu | dear mother |
| ati nacna | grandmother |
| avil | year |
| Avile, Avle, Aule | Aulus |
| -c | and (enclitic) (Latin -que) |
| ca, ta, cen, cn, eca, ek, tn, itun (emphatic) | this (cehen, etc.) |
| Cae, Cai | Caius, Gaius |
| cal | dog? [4] cf. Umbrian katel- 'dog, puppy' |
| calthi, celthi, clthi | here, in this place (locative) |
| camthi | name of magistracy |
| cana, kana, kanna | gift (agalma), or image, work of art? (gloss: Hesychius II.I541, chana: kosmesis ‘adornment’) |
| canth-, canthce | to be, can? acted as a camth(i) |
| cape, capi | vase, container |
| capra | urn, container |
| *capre | April |
| *capu | falcon (Greek kapys) |
| car-, cer- | make, build |
| cecha | ceremony (right, law): zilch |
| cechancri | title (zilch iure dicundo) (or: Latin supra, ‘older’, ‘above’) |
| cechase | name of magistracy |
| cehen | this one here |
| ceithurna | ? |
| cel | earth, land |
| celtinei | region |
| cela | room (Latin cella) |
| celi | September |
| celti, cel(tinci) | on the land, locative (cel) |
| celu | priestly title |
| cen- | make, place |
| cenu | pass. with ablative of agent (Agostiniani) |
| cerichunce, cerchunce | made (see cerine sacred place, building?) |
| ces- | to place, be placed, lie |
| cezp | eight? |
| cezpalch | eighty? |
| cezpz | eight times? |
| ci | three |
| cialch-, cealch- | thirty |
| cilth | people, nation; fortress, citadel |
| ciz | three times |
| clan, clenar | (plural) son |
| clanti, clanthi | adoptive(?) son |
| clautiethurasi | family of the Claudii |
| cletram | basin, basket, cart for offerings (Umbrian kletra) |
| cleva | offering |
| Clevsin- | Chiusi |
| Cneve | Cnaeus |
| crapsti | name or epithet of divinity (Umbrian Grabovius?) |
| creal | magistracy? |
| creice | Greek |
| culichna, chulichna | vase, ‘little kylix’ (Greek kylix) |
| culseva | doors, gates |
| cupe | cup (Greek kúpe?; Latin cupa) |
| cver | gift, offering (Colonna = alpan) |
| cvil | gift, offering; Thana-cvil, ‘gift of Thana’ |
| chim, chia | pronoun |
| *Chosfer | October (gloss) |
| chulichna | see culichna |
| eleiva | oil |
| eleivana | of oil: aska eleivana (Greek elaion) |
| eliun | of oil? |
| enac, enach | then, afterwards |
| enaś | genitive of an/in |
| epi, pi, pul | in, to, up to, until |
| eprus | ? (noun) |
| ermius | August |
| etera, eteri | foreigner; client (peregrinus, metoikos) |
| eth, et | thus, in this way (adverb) |
| etnam | and, also, again, thus |
| *falatu (gloss, falado) | sky |
| fan- | to consecrate? |
| fanu | verb, passive, with ablative of agent (Agostiniani) |
| farthan, farthn- | generate; deity |
| faśe, faśei | bread? (Umbrian farsiu?), or oil? |
| faśle | oil [5] |
| favi | grave, temple vault (Latin fauissa?) |
| fler | offering, sacrifice |
| fler-, flerthrce | to offer, sacrifice, satisfy |
| flerchva | ceremony, sacrifice |
| flere | divinity, god |
| flereś | statue |
| frontac | interpreter of lightning; see trutnuth (Greek bronte?) |
| Fufluna, Pupluna | Populonia (Latin populus? cf. Fufluns, ‘city of Dionysos’) |
| *fulum | ? |
| fulumchva | full of, provided with fulum |
| hanipaluscle | for (or against?) Hannibal |
| halch- | vase [6] |
| hath | to be favourable (hathrthi = be favourable) |
| hec-, hech- | put, place, add |
| hel, hels | own, proper |
| heramaśva, herme, herma, hermeri, hermaier | statue? (Greek Hermes, herm?) |
| Hercle | Herakles, Hercules |
| *hermi- (gloss, Ermius) | August |
| hermu | Hermes? |
| hinth, hinthi, hinthia | below |
| hinthial | soul, ghost, of the Underworld (genitive of hinthi) |
| hus-, husiur, husur | (plural) children (Latin liberi) |
| husrnana | epithet of Maris, ‘The Youthful, Young’ |
| huth | six (four?) |
| huthz | six times (four?) |
| huzrnatre, *husurnatra | college of youths (Latin iuuentus) |
| ic, ich, ichnac | as |
| ilu- | verb of offering or prayer |
| ipa | relative pronoun, which, where |
| ipe ipa | whoever, whatever |
| *ister | actor (gloss: Latin histrio) |
| *itu- | (gloss: itus or ituare) to divide? |
| kana, kanna | gift (see cana) |
| laive | left |
| Larce | proper name (masc.) |
| L(a)ris, Larth | Lars, proper name |
| larnas | vase (Greek larnax) |
| Larthi, Larthia | proper name (feminine) |
| lauch-, luc- | to rule, be in charge |
| lauchum(e) | king (Latin lucumo) |
| lauchumna | ‘belonging to a lucumo’, of a palace |
| lautni | ‘of the family’, freedman |
| lautnitha, lautnita | freedwoman |
| lautun, lautn | family, gens |
| *lechtum | name of vase (Greek lekythos) |
| lechtumuza | little lekythos (diminutive) |
| lein- | to die? |
| Lepr(i)na | epithet of Culsu |
| leu | lion |
| luc- | see lauch- |
| lucair | to act as lauchum |
| lucumo | to rule |
| lucairce | to be rex sacrorum |
| lup-, lupu | to die |
| luth | stone? temple? |
| mach | five |
| macstrev | name of magistracy |
| macstrna | proper name (Latin magister?) |
| mal- | to look, watch, guard, oversee |
| malena, malana, malstria | mirror |
| Mamarce, Mamerce | Mamercus; cf. Oscan Mamers, ‘Mars’ |
| man, mani | the dead (Latin Manes) |
| manin- | to offer to the Manes? |
| Marce | Marcus (Latin maro?; Umbrian maron-) |
| masan, masn | name of month: December |
| math | honey, honeyed wine (from Indo-European: Greek methu, English mead) |
| mech | people, league, district |
| melicraticce | honey and wine |
| men- | make, offer (menache) |
| methlum | district, people, nation, territory |
| methlumth, methlumt | methlum, locative |
| mlach, mlac | beautiful |
| mlamna | ? |
| mlusna | one who sacrifices, dedicates |
| mnathuras | ? |
| mul- | to offer, dedicate as an ex-voto |
| mun-, muni | underground place, tomb |
| mur- | stay, reside (murce) |
| *mutuka | thyme |
| namphe, hamphe | right |
| naper | surface measure |
| neftś, nefś, nefiś | nephew, grandson (Latin nepos) |
| nesna | belonging to the dead? |
| nethśrac | haruspicina |
| netśvis | haruspex |
| nun-, nunth | bring, involve, offer |
| nuna | offering? |
| nurph- | nine? |
| nurphzi | nine times? |
| nuthanatur | group who does nuth |
| pachathur | Bacchante, maenad (Pacha) |
| pachic-, pachana | Bacchic (Pacha) |
| pacusnaśic | Bacchic, Dionysiac (Pacha) |
| panalos | ? |
| papa | grandfather |
| papals, papacs | of the grandfather: grandson |
| parnich | magistracy or priesthood |
| Partuna | proper name |
| patna | name of vase (Greek patane, Latin patina?) |
| pava | boy, youth (proto-Greek *pawo- > Gk. pais 'child') |
| penthuna, penthna | cippus, stone? |
| Perse | Perseus |
| pes | land? (pes spante) |
| pi | for (enclitic); pen, pul, epl, prepositions |
| prinisera | ? |
| pruch, pruchum | jug (Greek prochous) |
| prumathś, prumts | great-grandson |
| psl | ? |
| puia | wife |
| Pule, Pules | proper name (masculine) |
| Pulena | proper name |
| pulumchva | stars? |
| Pupluna | see Fufluna |
| purth, purthne, purtśvana | name of magistrate or magistracy: dictator? |
| put-, puth- | vase, pot, vessel, well? (Greek potos, Latin puteus, puteal?), diminutive putnza, putlimza |
| Phersu | mask, masked person, actor (Latin persona) |
| qutun, qutum | name of vase (Greek kothon) |
| Ramutha, Ramtha | proper name (feminine) |
| ranvis | ? (ranu = vase: Devoto) |
| rasna | people; Etruscan, of Etruria (Rasenna) |
| ratum, ratm | according to law, ritual (rite?); also? |
| Ravnthu | proper name (feminine) |
| repinthi | bend, incline? |
| restm, *rastum | land (cultivated?) |
| ril | at the age of ... (years) (Latin natus) |
| rumach | Roman |
| ruthcva? | ? |
| ruva | brother |
| sa- | self [7][8] |
| sac- | carrying out a sacred act |
| sacni | holy, consecrated, sacnicla |
| sacnicleri, accusative plural | sanctuary |
| sal- | make, carry out: salt, salth |
| san- | deceased? |
| sanisva | bones? |
| sarsnach | tenth |
| sarsnau | group of ten (decuria) |
| sath-, śat- | put, establish, be put? |
| sc-, scu-, scune | give, place, offer; or leave, dismiss |
| śealch | forty |
| sec, sech | daughter |
| sel- | ? |
| semph | seven? |
| semphalch | seventy? |
| Sethra | proper name (feminine) |
| Sethre | proper name (masculine) |
| snenath | maid, companion, ancilla (feminine) |
| span-, spanti- | dish; plain, fields |
| sparza | ? (diminutive) |
| spurana, spureni | in the territory of (having to do with) the city |
| Spuria | Spuria, proper name |
| Spurie | Spurius, proper name |
| sren | ornament, figure, image |
| srencve | decorated with figures? |
| sul | liquid used in sacrifices (Pfiffig) |
| suntheruza | little container? |
| *suplu | flutist (Latin subulo) |
| śuth-, sut- | to stay, place? |
| śuthi | seat, tomb |
| śuthina | having to do with the grave, sepulchral gift |
| suthiu | is placed |
| suthiusve | property? |
| suthivenas | ? |
| sval- | alive; to live |
| sve | likewise |
| sveleri | living creature? |
| ta, tal, tl, tei | this |
| talitha | girl |
| tamera | name of magistracy |
| tarchianes | ? |
| Tarchnalthi | at Tarquinia (locative) |
| Tarchun | Tarchon |
| Tarsminaś | Trasimenc (lake) |
| te- (tece) | to place, put |
| ten-, tn-, -ta | to act as magistrate |
| tenatha | ? |
| tenthur | ? |
| teras | prodigy? (Greek teras?) |
| tes-, tesam- | to care for |
| tesinth | caretaker |
| teta | grandmother |
| tevarath | on-looker, judge at the games, umpire (tev) |
| tin- | day: Tina, Tin, Tinia = Jupiter, Zeus, god of daylight |
| Tire | Titus |
| tiu, tivr, tiur | moon, month (tius, genitive?) |
| tmia | place, sacred building, temple? |
| -tnam | see etnam |
| *traneus | month, July |
| trin- | to plead, supplicate, speak |
| *triumpe | triumph (Greek thriambos) |
| Truia | Troy? |
| Truials | Trojan |
| truth, trut | libation, sacred action |
| truthur | omens, or type of priest[9] |
| trutnuth, trutnvt | priest (fulguriator) |
| tul | stone |
| tular, tularu | boundaries (plural of tul) |
| tur- | to give |
| turza | offering |
| tus | funerary niche |
| tusurthir | married couples (‘in the double urn’?) |
| tuthi, tuti- | community, state (Umbrian tota?) |
| tuthin, tuthina- | of the state, public |
| tham-, them- | to build, found (thamuce, themiase) |
| Thanachvil, Thancvil | Tanaquil (Thana + cvil, ‘gift of Thana’) |
| thapna, thafna | vase (for offerings?) |
| thar | there |
| thaurch | funerary |
| thaure, thaura | tomb |
| Thefarie | Tiberius |
| thesan | morning, dawn |
| thevru | bull (Latin taurus) |
| thez- | to make an offering |
| thi noun | water |
| thi pronoun, -thi, locative, suffix | of offering, e.g. Unialthi |
| thina | vase, crater (Latin tina, Greek dinos; or, more likely, from thi 'water') |
| thra | milk? (or thras = drank?) |
| thu | one |
| thucte | name of month (August?) |
| thui | here, now |
| thuni | at first |
| thunina | the first |
| thunur | one at a time |
| thunśna | first |
| thunz | once |
| -thur | belonging to the group (suffix) |
| thutuithi | in the middle of the people, (for) the state |
| ulpaia | vase for wine (Greek olpe) |
| un, une (dative), unu (plural) | you |
| urthan, urthanike | to make, cause to be |
| us-, useti | scoop, ladle, draw (water) |
| usil | sun (Sabine ausel) |
| uslane | at noon (usil) |
| ut- (utuse) | carry out, perform, give |
| vacal, vacil, vacl | libation? |
| val | look, see |
| Varchti | locative of Varch (vacal) |
| varchti cerine | sacred place |
| Vel | proper name (masculine) |
| Velathri | Volterra |
| *velcitna (Velcitanus) | March |
| Velthur | proper name (masculine) |
| Velzna- | Volsinii |
| vers- | fire (or ladle?) |
| Vipiiennas | Vibenna |
| vina | vineyard |
| vinum, vinm | wine (Latin uinum) |
| zacinat | ? |
| zamachi, zamth | gold? |
| zar (śa) | four |
| zathrum | twenty (Latin bini) |
| zeri | rite, legal action? |
| zic-, zich- | to write, incise |
| zic, zich | book, writing, document, inscription |
| zichu | writer, scribe |
| zil- | to rule, to hold office |
| zilach, zilath, zilc | a magistrate (Latin praetor) |
| zinace | made |
| zinaku | was made |
| ziva | the dead, deceased < "having lived" |
| zusle | sacrifice, specifically boar or pig(let)? [10] |
Selected vocabulary[edit]
Cities[edit]
Names of cities:
| Modern Italian | Etruscan | Latin |
|---|---|---|
| Arezzo | Aret- (?) | Arrētium |
| Bologna | Felsina | Bonōnia |
| Bolsena (Orvieto?) | Velzna- | Volsiniī |
| Capua | Capua, Capeva | Capua |
| Cerveteri (Caere Vetus, ‘ancient Caere’) | Chaire, Chaisric, Cisra | Caere, then Caere Vetus (Greek Agylla) |
| Cesena | Ceisna | Caesēna |
| Chiusi | Clevsin | Clusium, Camars |
| Cortona | Curtun | Cortōna |
| Fiesole | Vi(p)sul | Faesulae |
| Ischia | Inarime (?) | Pitecusa (Greek Pithekoussai) |
| Magliano | Hepa (?) | Heba |
| Mantova, Mantua | Manthva | Mantua |
| Marzabotto | Kainua[11] | |
| Modena | Mutina | Mutina |
| Perugia | Per(u)sna | Perusia |
| (Poggio Buco) | Statna (?) | Statōnia |
| Populonia | Pupluna, Fufluna | Populōnia |
| Ravenna | Rav(e)na (?) | Ravenna |
| Rimini | Arimna | Ariminum |
| Roma | Ruma | Rōma |
| Siena | Saena (?), Sena | Saena |
| Sovana | Sveama-, Suana | Suana |
| Sutri | Sutliri | Sutrium |
| Tarquinia | Tarch(u)na | Tarquiniī |
| Talamone | Tlamu | Telamōn |
| Todi | (tular) | Tuder |
| Tuscania | Tusc(a)na | Tuscana |
| Veio, Veii | Veia | Veiī |
| Vetulonia | Vatluna, Vetluna | Vetulōnia |
| Viterbo? | Sur(i)na | Surriīna |
| Volterra | Velathri | Volaterrae |
| Vulci | Velch, Velc(a)l- | Vulcī |
Months[edit]
| Month | Etruscan |
|---|---|
| January | ? |
| February | ? |
| March | Velcitanus (*velcitna) |
| April | Cabreas (*capre); Apresa |
| May | Ampiles or Amphiles |
| June- | Aclus (acale) |
| July | ? |
| August | Ermius |
| September | Caelius or Celius (celi) |
| October | Chosfer |
| November | Capeni ? |
| December | ? |
Kinship[edit]
| Meaning | Etruscan |
|---|---|
| father | apa |
| mother | ati |
| son | clan |
| daughter | sech |
| wife | puia |
| brother | ruva |
| parents, ancestors | afer[12] |
Religion[edit]
| Meaning | Etruscan |
|---|---|
| Zeus, Jupiter | Tina, Tinia |
| king | lucumō |
| god, divine | ais, eis, aisar (plural) |
Numerals[edit]
| Numeral | English | Etruscan |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | one | thu |
| 2 | two | zal |
| 3 | three | ci |
| 4 | four (or 6?) | śa |
| 5 | five | mach |
| 6 | six (or 4?) | huth |
| 10 | ten | śar |
| 20 | twenty | zathrum |
| 30 | thirty | cialch |
| 50 | fifty | muvalch |
See also[edit]
- Appendix:Etruscan Swadesh list
- Etruscan word list in Italian from Marchesini (2009: 132-135)[13]
References[edit]
- ^ Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (2002). The Etruscan Language: an Introduction. Manchester: University of Manchester Press. →ISBN.
- ^ Van Der Meer, Bouke "The Lead Plaque of Magliano," in: Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Milano 2013 (Quaderni di Acme 134) pp. 323-341 (327)
- ^ Van Der Meer, Bouke "The Lead Plaque of Magliano," in: Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Milano 2013 (Quaderni di Acme 134) pp. 323-341 (327)
- ^ Bouke Van Der Meer "Some comments on the Tabula Capuana", in: Studi Etruschi 77, 2014 [2015], 149-175. p. 163
- ^ Beckwith, Miles (2008) "Review of L.B. van der Meer, Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis," Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies: Vol. 1: Iss. 1, Article 4. p. 4. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=rasenna
- ^ Bouke Van Der Meer "Some comments on the Tabula Capuana", in: Studi Etruschi 77, 2014 [2015], 149-175. p. 166
- ^ K. Wylin, "Un morfema agentivo etrusco", in AGI 89, 2004, pp. 111-125
- ^ van der Meer, B. "The Lead Plaque of Magliano" in: Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Milano 2013 (Quaderni di Acme 134) p. 335
- ^ Bouke Van Der Meer "Some comments on the Tabula Capuana", in: Studi Etruschi 77, 2014 [2015], 149-175. p. 137
- ^ Bouke Van Der Meer "Some comments on the Tabula Capuana", in: Studi Etruschi 77, 2014 [2015], 149-175. p. 163
- ^ Govi, Elisabetta (2023). Kainua (Marzabotto). Austin: University of Texas Press. →ISBN.
- ^ Van Der Meer, Bouke "The Lead Plaque of Magliano," in: Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Milano 2013 (Quaderni di Acme 134) pp. 323-341 (327)
- ^ Marchesini, Simona. 2009. Le lingue frammentarie dell'Italia antica. Milan: Hoepli. 236pp.
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