Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/médʰu

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *matḳ- (“sweet”),[1] one suggestion is a borrowing through Proto-Northeast Caucasian *miʒʒV (“sweet”).[2][3]

Noun

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*médʰu n[4][5][6][7]

  1. honey
    Synonyms: *kn̥h₂ónks, *mélit
  2. honey wine, mead

Inflection

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Athematic, proterokinetic
singular
nominative *médʰu
genitive *m̥dʰéws
singular dual plural
nominative *médʰu *médʰwih₁ *médʰuh₂
vocative *médʰu *médʰwih₁ *médʰuh₂
accusative *médʰu *médʰwih₁ *médʰuh₂
genitive *m̥dʰéws *? *m̥dʰéwoHom
ablative *m̥dʰéws *? *m̥dʰúmos
dative *m̥dʰéwey *? *m̥dʰúmos
locative *m̥dʰéw, *m̥dʰéwi *? *m̥dʰúsu
instrumental *m̥dʰúh₁ *? *m̥dʰúmis

Derived terms

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  • >? Proto-Indo-European: *medʰu-h₁éd-[8][9]
  • >? *medʰw-o-s
  • >? *mḗdʰu-[10] or *módʰu-[11] (or borrowed from Sogdian 𐼺𐼴𐼹 (mwδ /⁠muδ⁠/)[10])
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian B: mot (“alcohol”)

Descendants

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  • Proto-Anatolian: *médu
  • >? Proto-Armenian: *melu̍β̞i[14] (< instr.pl. *medʰubʰi)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *médu (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *medu (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *meduz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *métʰu (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádʰu
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádʰu (“honey”)
      • Sanskrit: मधु (mádhu) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *mádu (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *mHädwV (“type of beverage; liquor”)[18]
  • Proto-Tocharian: *ḿətə[19]
    • Tocharian B: mīt
    • → Late Old Chinese: 蜜 (mit)[20] (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Uralic: *mete[21] (see there for further descendants)
  • → Etruscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌈𐌂𐌅𐌀 (maθcva, “(honeyed) wine, sweet wine”)

References

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  1. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, pages 82-83: “Proto-Semitic *mVtk- ‘sweet’” ... "The correspondences between Indo-European and Semitic are generally explained as flowing from Semitic into Indo-European at the level of the Indo-European proto-language itself."
  2. ^ Bjørn, Rasmus (2017) Foreign elements in the Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. A comparative loanword study‎[1], Master's thesis, University of Copenhagen, page 95
  3. ^ Nikolaev, Sergei L., Starostin, Sergei A. (1994) “*mĭʒ_V”, in A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary‎[2], Moscow: Asterisk Publishers
  4. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “707”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 707
  5. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 467
  6. ^ Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors ((Can we date this quote?)), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, pages 2235, 2275
  7. ^ Kapović, Mate (2017) “Part 1 Chapter 1: Proto-Indo-European phonology”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 31: “PIE *medʰu ‘mead’”
  8. ^ Langston, Keith (2017–2018) “Chapter XIII: Slavic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Slavic, page 1540
  9. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 603
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “mot”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 511: “*mēdʰu-”
  11. ^ Hackstein, Olav (2017–2018) “Chapter XII: Tocharian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Tocharian, page 1321
  12. ^ Puhvel, Jaan (2004) Hittite Etymological Dictionary (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 22), volume 6, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 168-169
  13. ^ Rabin, Chaim (1963) “Hittite Words in Hebrew”, in Orientalia, volume 32, number 2, →DOI, page 130
  14. ^ Macak, Martin (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1041
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ba:l, mır”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 330, 771
  16. ^ Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 59
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Witzel, Michael (2003) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎[3], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 13
  18. ^ Starostin, S. A. (2007) “Indo-European among other language families: problems of dating, contacts and genetic relationships”, in Starostin, G. S., editor, Trudy po jazykoznaniju [Proceedings in Linguistics]‎[4] (in Russian), Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskix kulʹtur, →ISBN, page 818: “...or *mHädwV ʽa k. of beverage, liquorʼ”
  19. ^ Ringe, D. A., Jr. (1988–1990) “Evidence for the position of Tocharian in the Indo-European family?”, in Die Sprache, volume 34, Vienna: Universität Wien, page 114: “PT *ḿə́tə ‘honey’”
  20. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
  21. ^ Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN
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