December
English
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle English December, Decembre, from Old French decembre, from Latin december (“tenth month”), from Latin decem (“ten”); + Latin -ber, from -bris, an adjectival suffix; December was the tenth month in the Roman calendar.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /dɪˈsɛmbə/
- (US) enPR: dĭ-sĕmʹbər, IPA(key): /dɪˈsɛm.bɚ/
Audio (US): (file) - Rhymes: -ɛmbə(ɹ)
Proper noun
[edit]December (plural Decembers)
- The twelfth and last month of the Gregorian calendar, following November and preceding the January of the following year, containing the southern solstice.
- Synonym: (rare) Yulemonth
- a. 1633 (date written), Thomas Dekker, The Wonder of a Kingdome, London: […] Robert Raworth for Nicholas Vavasour, […], published 1636, →OCLC, Act I, signature [A3], recto:
- Old Oakes doe not eaſily fall: / Decembers cold hand combes my head and beard, / But May ſvvimmes in my blood; and he that vvalkes / VVithout his vvooden third legge, is never old.
- (rare) A female given name transferred from the month name [in turn from English].
- 2017, Rebecca Tuhus-Dubrow, Personal Stereo, →ISBN, page 45:
- But others were less than thrilled with this new gizmo, particularly its addictive qualities. There were reports of breakups threatened and consummated over it. “Our marriage or your Sony,” one woman told her husband, who duly sold the Walkman to a bachelor friend. A young woman named December Cole, a sales executive at a beauty magazine, recalled a trip to Atlantic City with "a basically rude" man who wouldn't stop "bopping around to his own music."
- A surname.
Hyponyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Bislama: desemba
- Pitcairn-Norfolk: Disemba
- Tok Pisin: Desemba
- → Bengali: ডিসেম্বর (ḍiśembor)
- → Burmese: ဒီဇင်ဘာ (dijangbha)
- → Chichewa: Disembala
- → Dari: دسمبر (desembar)
- → Dhivehi: ޑިސެމްބަރު (ḍisem̊baru)
- → Hausa: Disamba
- → Hawaiian: Kēkēmapa
- → Hindi: दिसंबर (disambar)
- → Malay: Disember
- → Maori: Tīhema
- → Marathi: डिसेंबर (ḍisembar)
- → Swahili: Desemba, Disemba
- → Tokelauan: Tēhema
Translations
[edit]
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Statistics
[edit]- According to the 2010 United States Census, December is the 97210th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 187 individuals. December is most common among White (57.22%) and Black/African American (32.09%) individuals.
See also
[edit]- Undecimber
- (Gregorian calendar months) Gregorian calendar month; January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December (Category: en:Gregorian calendar months)
Further reading
[edit]- Hanks, Patrick, editor (2003), “December”, in Dictionary of American Family Names, volume 1, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 422.
- Forebears
Anagrams
[edit]Latin
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- december (alternative case form)
- Decembrius (Medieval Latin)
Etymology
[edit]By syncope from earlier *decumo-mēmbris, analogically to septem : September, from earlier *decumo-mēnsris "of the tenth month", from the ordinal stem decem (“ten”) + *mēnsris, from mens- (“month”) + -ris. In the Roman calendar, the year began with Mārtius (“March”), and December was the tenth month of the year.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /deˈkem.ber/, [d̪ɛˈkɛmbɛr]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /deˈt͡ʃem.ber/, [d̪eˈt͡ʃɛmber]
Adjective
[edit]December (feminine Decembris, neuter Decembre); third-declension three-termination adjective
- of December
- 59 B.C.E. - 17 C.E. — Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, Book XXII
- postremo Decembri iam mense ad aedem Saturni Romae immolatum est.
- finally in the middle of the month of December there was a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn.
- postremo Decembri iam mense ad aedem Saturni Romae immolatum est.
- 59 B.C.E. - 17 C.E. — Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, Book XXII
Usage notes
[edit]In Classical Latin, month names were regularly used as adjectives, generally modifying a case-form of mēnsis m sg (“month”) or of one of the nouns used in the Roman calendar to refer to specific days of the month from which other days were counted: Calendae f pl (“calends”), Nōnae f pl (“nones”), Īdūs f pl (“ides”). However, the masculine noun mēnsis could be omitted by ellipsis, so the masculine singular forms of month names eventually came to be used as proper nouns.[1]
The accusative plural adjective forms Aprīlīs, Septembrīs, Octōbrīs, Novembrīs, Decembrīs[2] are ambiguous in writing, being spelled identically to the genitive singular forms of the nouns; nevertheless, the use of ablative singular forms in -ī and comparison with the usage of other month names as adjectives supports the interpretation of -is as an accusative plural adjective ending in Classical Latin phrases such as "kalendas Septembris".[3]
Declension
[edit]Third-declension three-termination adjective.
Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | December | Decembris | Decembre | Decembrēs | Decembria | ||
Genitive | Decembris | Decembrium | |||||
Dative | Decembrī | Decembribus | |||||
Accusative | Decembrem | Decembre | Decembrēs Decembrīs |
Decembria | |||
Ablative | Decembrī | Decembribus | |||||
Vocative | December | Decembris | Decembre | Decembrēs | Decembria |
- In New Latin, the ablative singular can also be found as Decembre.
Proper noun
[edit]December m sg (genitive Decembris); third declension
- December
- Synonym: December mensis
- 1283 — Tomazina de Savere, published in Josip Lučić (1984) Spisi Dubrovačke Kancelarije, Knjiga II, page 310.
- Die tercio decembris — On the third day of December
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Declension
[edit]Third-declension noun (i-stem, ablative singular in -ī), singular only.
Case | Singular |
---|---|
Nominative | December |
Genitive | Decembris |
Dative | Decembrī |
Accusative | Decembrem |
Ablative | Decembrī |
Vocative | December |
Descendants
[edit]- Italo-Dalmatian
- Padanian:
- Emilian: dzèmbar, gèmbar, giämbar
- Friulian: dicembar
- Ladin: dezember
- Ligurian: dexénbre
- Lombard: dezèmber, dezèmbre
- Piedmontese: dzèmber, dzèmbri, zèmbr, gèmbr
- Emilian: dissèmbre, dissèmbar
- Romansch: dezember, december (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Surmiran, Puter, Vallader), schember, schiember (Sursilvan), dschember (Puter, Vallader)
- Venetan: disenbre
- → Cimbrian: ditzembre
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
- Ibero-Romance:
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *decembriu
- Borrowings
- → Byzantine Greek: Δεκέμβριος (Dekémbrios)
- → Middle High German: december
- → Old Armenian: դեկտեմբեր (dektember)
- Armenian: դեկտեմբեր (dektember)
- → Old French: decembre
- Franc-Comtois: décembre
- French: décembre
- Norman:
- Walloon: decimbe
- → Middle English: Decembre
- English: December, Decembre (obsolete), Dec., Dec, Dc (abbreviations)
- Bislama: desemba
- Pitcairn-Norfolk: Disemba
- Tok Pisin: Desemba
- → Bengali: ডিসেম্বর (ḍiśembor)
- → Burmese: ဒီဇင်ဘာ (dijangbha)
- → Chichewa: Disembala
- → Dari: دسمبر (desembar)
- → Dhivehi: ޑިސެމްބަރު (ḍisem̊baru)
- → Hausa: Disamba
- → Hawaiian: Kēkēmapa
- → Hindi: दिसंबर (disambar)
- → Malay: Disember
- → Maori: Tīhema
- → Marathi: डिसेंबर (ḍisembar)
- → Swahili: Desemba, Disemba
- → Tokelauan: Tēhema
- Scots: December
- English: December, Decembre (obsolete), Dec., Dec, Dc (abbreviations)
- → Romanian: decembrie
- → Albanian: dhjetor (calque)
- → Cimbrian: sègante maanont (calque)
- Unsorted borrowings
These borrowings are ultimately but perhaps not directly from Latin. They are organized into geographical and language family groups, not by etymology.
- Africa
- Americas
- Asia and Oceania
- Central and Western Asia
- Arabic: دِيسَمْبَر (dīsambar)
- Georgian: დეკემბერი (deḳemberi)
- Hebrew: דצמבר (detzémber)
- South Asia
- Southeast Asia and Oceania
- Central and Western Asia
- Europe
- Hungarian: december
- Baltic
- Germanic
- Danish: december
- Dutch: december
- Dutch Low Saxon: december
- Faroese: desember
- German Low German: Dezember
- Icelandic: desember
- Kölsch: Dezemmber, Dezämber, Dezämmbo
- Limburgish: dieëtsember, desember
- North Frisian: deetsember, detsämber
- Norwegian: desember
- Saterland Frisian: Dezember
- Swedish: december
- West Flemish: december
- West Frisian: desimber
- Slavic
References
[edit]- ^ Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, pages 31, 85
- ^ Gaeng, Paul A. (1968) An Inquiry into Local Variations in Vulgar Latin: As Reflected in the Vocalism of Christian Inscriptions, page 183
- ^ Frost, P. (1861) The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus, page 161
See also
[edit]- Roman calendar on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Old English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]December m
Synonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “December”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary[1], 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Scots
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin december (“of the tenth month”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]December
See also
[edit]- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- English 3-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/ɛmbə(ɹ)
- Rhymes:English/ɛmbə(ɹ)/3 syllables
- English lemmas
- English proper nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English terms with quotations
- English terms with rare senses
- English given names
- English female given names
- English female given names from month names
- English female given names from English
- English surnames
- en:Gregorian calendar months
- en:Months
- en:Ten
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 3-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin adjectives
- Latin third declension adjectives
- Latin third declension adjectives of three terminations
- Latin proper nouns
- Latin third declension nouns
- Latin masculine nouns in the third declension
- Latin masculine nouns
- Latin terms with quotations
- la:Months
- Old English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old English lemmas
- Old English proper nouns
- Old English masculine nouns
- ang:Months
- Scots terms derived from Latin
- Scots terms with IPA pronunciation
- Scots lemmas
- Scots proper nouns
- sco:Months