Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/činiti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Causative-iterative of *činǫti (“to probe, to gauge”) +‎ *-iti (cognate with Ancient Greek τῐ́νω (tínō, “to pay honor”)) and/or related noun *činъ (“rank, status”) +‎ *-iti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to enquire, to evaluate”) < *kʷ- (interrogative particle).

Verb

*činìti

1. (transitive) to instigate, to cause

   Synonym: *raděti

   → to prepare, to commence

   → to compile, to conjure

   → to accomplish, to fulfill

   → to raise, to set up

2. (transitive) to do, to perform

   Synonyms: *děti, *dělati, *praviti

3. (intransitive, abstract) to constitute, to stand for, to be worth

Inflection

Conjugation of *činiti, *čini, *činitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*čiňenьje	*činiti	*činitъ	*činilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*čiňenъ	*činimъ
Active	*čiňь	*činę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*činixъ	*čini	*čini	*čiňǫ	*činiši	*činitь
Dual	*činixově	*činista	*činiste	*činivě	*činita	*činite
Plural	*činixomъ	*činiste	*činišę	*činimъ	*činite	*činętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*čiňaaxъ	*čiňaaše	*čiňaaše	—	*čini	*čini
Dual	*čiňaaxově	*čiňaašeta	*čiňaašete	*činivě	*činita	—
Plural	*čiňaaxomъ	*čiňaašete	*čiňaaxǫ	*činimъ	*činite	—

Notes:
• (*)*činivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Related terms

• *činъ (“rank”)
• *pričina (“cause”)
• *načinъ (“manner”)
• *činьnъ, *činovъ (“official, functional”)
  • *činovьnikъ
• *cěniti (“to value, to esteem”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Belarusian: чыні́ць (čynícʹ)
  • Russian: чини́ть (činítʹ)
  • Ukrainian: чини́ти (čynýty)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: чинити (činiti)

    Glagolitic script: ⱍⰻⱀⰻⱅⰻ (činiti)

  • Bulgarian: чи́ня (čínja)
  • Macedonian: чини (čini)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: чѝнити

    Latin script: čìniti

  • Slovene: číniti
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: činiti
    • Czech: činit
  • Kashubian: czënic
  • Polish: czynić
  • Slovak: činiť
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: činić
    • Lower Sorbian: cyniś

• Non-Slavic:
• → Hungarian: csinál

References

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “чинить”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Snoj, Marko (2016) “činiti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si