Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/niwjaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *néwyos (“new”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈniu̯.jɑz/

Adjective

*niwjaz (comparative *niwizô, superlative *niwistaz)

new

Inflection

Declension of *niwjaz (ja-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*niwjaz	*niwjō	*niwją, -atō	*niwjai	*niwjôz	*niwjō
accusative	*niwjanǭ	*niwjǭ	*niwją, -atō	*niwjanz	*niwjōz	*niwjō
genitive	*niwjas, -is	*niwjaizōz	*niwjas, -is	*niwjaizǫ̂	*niwjaizǫ̂	*niwjaizǫ̂
dative	*niwjammai	*niwjaizōi	*niwjammai	*niwjaimaz	*niwjaimaz	*niwjaimaz
instrumental	*niwjanō	*niwjaizō	*niwjanō	*niwjaimiz	*niwjaimiz	*niwjaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*niwjô	*niwjǭ	*niwjô	*niwjaniz	*niwjōniz	*niwjōnō
accusative	*niwjanų	*niwjōnų	*niwjô	*niwjanunz	*niwjōnunz	*niwjōnō
genitive	*niwiniz	*niwjōniz	*niwiniz	*niwjanǫ̂	*niwjōnǫ̂	*niwjanǫ̂
dative	*niwini	*niwjōni	*niwini	*niwjammaz	*niwjōmaz	*niwjammaz
instrumental	*niwinē	*niwjōnē	*niwinē	*niwjammiz	*niwjōmiz	*niwjammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *niwi
- Old English: nīewe, nīwe, nēowe, nīowe
  - Middle English: newe, new, neue, nywe, neowe (Early Middle English or West Midland)
    - English: new
    - Scots: new
- Old Frisian: nī, nīe
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: nei
    Mooring: nai
    Sylt: nii
  - Saterland Frisian: näi
  - West Frisian: nij
- Old Saxon: niuwi
  - Middle Low German: nîe, nîge, nü̂we
    - Dutch Low Saxon: nij
    - Low German: nee, nie, neu
    - German Low German: nü, nüe, nii, nee, neei
    - Plautdietsch: nie
- Old Dutch: niuwi
  - Middle Dutch: niewe, neuwe, newe, niwe, nuwe, niew
    - Dutch: nieuw, nie (Eastern Netherlands), nij (Frisian, eastern & northern Netherlands), nieuwt (dialectal, originally neuter), nouw (Holland, dialectal), nuw (Holland), nuwt (Holland, dialectal, originally neuter)
      - Afrikaans: nuwe, nuut
      - Javindo: nuwe
      - Jersey Dutch: njuew
      - Negerhollands: nieuw, niw
    - Limburgish: nuuj
- Old High German: niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi
  - Middle High German: niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe
    - Alemannic German: nüüw, nöi, nüü
      - Alsatian: nèi
      - Swabian: nei
      - Walser: niw, niww, nu
    - Bavarian: nei, neich
      - Cimbrian: nòjar, nauk, naüge
      - Gottscheerish: nai
      - Hianzisch: neich
      - Mòcheno: nai
      - Udinese: naie, naje, noi
    - Central Franconian: nei, neu
      - Hunsrik: nei
      - Kölsch: neu
      - Transylvanian Saxon: na
    - East Central German:
      - Silesian East Central German: neu
      - Upper Saxon German: nei
        Erzgebirgisch: nei
    - East Franconian: nei, neu
    - German: neu
    - Luxembourgish: nei
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Hessian: nei, neu
      - Palatine German: nau, nei, neu
      - Pennsylvania German: nei
    - Vilamovian: noj
    - Yiddish: נײַ (nay)
    - Zipser German: nai, neu
Proto-Norse: *ᚾᛁᚢᛃᚨᛉ (*niujaʀ)
- ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚾᛁᚢᛃᛁᛚᚨ (niujila), ᚾᛁᚢᚹᛁᛚᚨ (niuwila)
- Old Norse: nýr
  - Icelandic: nýr
  - Faroese: nýggjur
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: ny, (dialectal) nyr
  - Old Swedish: nȳr
    - Swedish: ny
  - Old Danish: ny
    - Danish: ny
      - Norwegian Bokmål: ny
Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niujis)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*neuja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*neuja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389

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