Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uber

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *ubiri

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *upér, *supér, ultimately from the root *upo. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”), Latin super (“above”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈu.βer/

Preposition

*uber

1. over (moving across) [with accusative]
2. over, above (positioned above) [with dative]

Derived terms

• *uberōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *obar
  • Old English: ofer, ofor, ober, ouer
    • Middle English: over
      • English: over (see there for further descendants)
      • Geordie: ower
      • Scots: ower
      • Yola: ower, owr, oer
  • Old Frisian: over, uver
    • North Frisian: aur, auer, ouer
    • Saterland Frisian: uur
    • West Frisian: oer
  • Old Saxon: ovar
    • Middle Low German: ōver, (late) āver
      • Low German: aver, over; (Westphalian) uover, oaver, (merged with *ubiri) üöver, öaver
  • Old Dutch: over, ovir
    • Middle Dutch: ōver
      • Dutch: over
        • Afrikaans: oor
  • Old High German: obar, ubar
    • Middle High German: ober, over, uber
      • German: ober-, ober
      • Yiddish: אייבער־ (eyber-), אויבער־ (oyber-)
• Old Norse: of, ofr-, ofr
  • Icelandic: of, ofur-, ofur
  • Faroese: ov, ovur-
  • Norwegian: ov-
• Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar)