Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷih₃wós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”) +‎ *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*gʷih₃wós (non-ablauting)

1. alive, living

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*gʷih₃wós	*gʷih₃wéh₂
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*gʷih₃wéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wós	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóes
vocative	*gʷih₃wé	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóes
accusative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóms
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*?	*gʷih₃wóHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéad	*?	*gʷih₃wómos
dative	*gʷih₃wóey	*?	*gʷih₃wómos
locative	*gʷih₃wéy, *gʷih₃wóy	*?	*gʷih₃wóysu
instrumental	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*?	*gʷih₃wṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wéh₂	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂es
vocative	*gʷih₃wéh₂	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂es
accusative	*gʷih₃wā́m	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂m̥s
genitive	*gʷih₃wéh₂s	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂oHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéh₂s	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂mos
dative	*gʷih₃wéh₂ey	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂mos
locative	*gʷih₃wéh₂, *gʷih₃wéh₂i	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂su
instrumental	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
vocative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
accusative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*?	*gʷih₃wóHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéad	*?	*gʷih₃wómos
dative	*gʷih₃wóey	*?	*gʷih₃wómos
locative	*gʷih₃wéy, *gʷih₃wóy	*?	*gʷih₃wóysu
instrumental	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*?	*gʷih₃wṓys

Derived terms

• *gʷíh₃w-e-ti
• *gʷyéh₃w-o-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ďōwós
    • Ancient Greek: ζωός (zōós)
• *gʷyéh₃w-yo-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ďṓyyon (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷih₃wo-to-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwatas
    • Lithuanian: gyvatà
    • Old Prussian: giwato
    • Proto-Slavic: *životъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *biyatom (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwotos
    • Ancient Greek: βίοτος (bíotos), βιοτή (biotḗ)
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷītā (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: जीवित (jīvitá) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬊 (gaiio, “life”) (acc. 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬎𐬨 (jiiātum))
• *gʷih₃wo-tuh₂t-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *biwotūts (“life, existence”)
    • Proto-Brythonic: *bɨwöd
      • Welsh: bywyd
    • Old Irish: bethu, beothu, bethad
      • Middle Irish: betha
        • Irish: beatha
        • Manx: bea
        • Scottish Gaelic: beatha
• *sēmi-gʷih₃wó-
  • Proto-Germanic: *sēmikwikwaz
    • Old English: sāmcwic
  • Proto-Hellenic: *hēmigʷīwos
    • Ancient Greek: ἡμίβιος (hēmíbios)
  • Proto-Italic: *sēmigʷīwos
    • Latin: sēmivīvus

Antonyms

• *mr̥tós

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *biwos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *kwiwaz, *kwikwaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwos
  • Ancient Greek: βίος (bíos) (or possibly a syncope of βίοτος (bíotos))
    • Greek: βίος (víos)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰiHwás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *gʷīwos (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: śāw-, śāy-

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 467