Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ped-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ped-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to walk, to step
to stumble, to fall

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ped- (140 c, 0 e)

*péd-ye-ti (*ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pádyati (see there for further descendants)
*pi-péd-ti ~ *pi-pd-énti (reduplicated present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pibdáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pibdáti
    - Sanskrit: पिब्दमान (píbdamāna, pres.part.)
*pe-pód-e ~ *pe-pd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́da
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́da
    - Sanskrit: पपाद (papā́da)
*pod-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pādáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pādáyati
    - Sanskrit: पादयति (pādáyati)
*ped-e-ti (innovative root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fetaną (see there for further descendants)
*pṓd-s (“foot”)
*ped-om (“step”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pe-e-da-an /⁠pēdan⁠/)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հետ (het), յետ (yet), ետ (et)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸedom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fetą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέδον (pédon, “ground”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *padám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *padám
    - Sanskrit: पद (padá, “step”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *padám
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬜𐬀 (paδa, “step”)
    - Ossetian: фӕд (fæd, “step; footstep”)
    - Sogdian: (/⁠paδ⁠/, “step; footstep”)
      Old Sogdian script: 𐼔𐼌 (pδ)
      
      Sogdian script: 𐼾𐼹 (pδ)
      
      Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫔 (pδ), 𐫛𐫔𐫔 (pδδ)
    - Pashto: پل (pal, “step”)
      - → Dari: پل (pal, “footprint”)
    - Baluchi: پد (pad, “step”)
    - Parthian: (/⁠paδag⁠/, “on foot, walking; runner”) (> *padákah)
      Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫅𐫃 (pdg)
    - Old Persian: 𐎱𐎭 (p-d /⁠pada⁠/, “step”)
      Old Persian: 𐎴𐎱𐎮𐎹 (n-p-di-y /⁠nipadiy⁠/, “on the track of, close after”)
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠pay⁠/, “foot; footstep, track”)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pdy)
        
        Classical Persian: پی (pay, “step;foot;footprint”)
        Persian: پی (pay ~ pey, “foot;footprint; trace”)
        
        Tajik: пай (pay)
- Proto-Italic: *pedom (see there for further descendants)
*ped-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pédā
  - Ancient Greek: πέδη (pédē)
*pēd-ó-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pēdā́ˀ
  - Latgalian: pāda
  - Latvian: pēda
  - Lithuanian: pėdà (but also masculine pė́das)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πηδόν (pēdón, “oar blade”)
*ped-tu-s^[5]
- Proto-Italic: *pessus
  - Latin: pessum
*ped-yós
- Proto-Hellenic: *peďďos
  - Ancient Greek: πεζός (pezós, “afoot”)
*ped-yōs
- Proto-Italic: *pedjōs
  - Latin: pēior
*ped-tm̥mo-
- Proto-Italic: *pessəmos
  - Latin: pessimus
*ped-uro-
- Proto-Germanic: *feturaz (see there for further descendants)
*ped-tís (or *ped-h₂t-í-s, with -h₂t- from the root *h₂et- (“to go, to wander”)^[4])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *patˢtíš (“foot soldier”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *pěšь, *pěxъ, *pasti, *padati (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *fatōną
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: expediō
- Latin: impediō
- Latin: peccō (for *pedcō)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 790-792
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ped-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 458
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*pad”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 287-288
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 526-540
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pessum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 463

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 790-792

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ped-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 458

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*pad”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 287-288

[NIL-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 526-540

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pessum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 463

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