Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gotovъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Of unclear origin.

It was suggested (e.g. Kroonen) that the word is borrowed from a reflect of unattested adjective Proto-Germanic *gatawaz, deverbal adjective from the root of *tawjaną (“to make, complete”), probably from Gothic, cf. 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gataujan, “to do, make, effect”). This view is usually rejected, Pronk-Tiethoff considers a loan possible, but admits that native origin cannot be excluded.

Native origin is prevailing, however, few propositions exist:

• back-formation from *gotoviti (“to prepare”), unlikely
• per Kiparsky, from *gotъ (> Upper Sorbian hot (“preparation”) and derivative Lower Sorbian gotnica (“factory”)) *-ovъ, with *gotъ being cognate of Albanian gat. However, Sorbian words are suspected of being back-formations.
• some relation with Ancient Greek νη-γάτεος (nē-gáteos, “new-made”), Sanskrit घटते (ghaṭate, “to strive”)
• from Proto-Indo-European *gʷātu-, supine of *gʷā- (“to go”), for meaning shift cf. Old High German fartig (“ready”) from fart (“ride, trip”). See also *gatь (“path (through swamp)”). That makes anlaut -o- problematic.

*gotovъ is often compared to Albanian gat, gati (“ready”), but currently these are usually believed to be early loans from Slavic. Some suggested that Lithuanian gãtavas, Latvian gatavs (“ready”) and Old Prussian pogattawint (“to prepare”) are cognates to Slavic which point to Proto-Balto-Slavic *gatawas, however, it is usually believed Baltic words are borrowed from Slavic (e.g. on the basis of the accent, Smoczyński considers the Lithuanian word to be a loan from Old Polish).

Adjective

*gotòvъ

1. finished, completed
2. ready, prepared, arranged
3. ready, willing, decided

Inflection

Indefinite declension of *gotovъ (hard, accent paradigm a)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gotovъ	*gotova	*gotovo
genitive	*gotova	*gotovy	*gotova
dative	*gotovu	*gotově	*gotovu
accusative	*gotovъ	*gotovǫ	*gotovo
instrumental	*gotovomь	*gotovojǫ	*gotovomь
locative	*gotově	*gotově	*gotově
vocative	*gotove	*gotovo	*gotovo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gotova	*gotově	*gotově
genitive	*gotovu	*gotovu	*gotovu
dative	*gotovoma	*gotovama	*gotovoma
accusative	*gotova	*gotově	*gotově
instrumental	*gotovoma	*gotovama	*gotovoma
locative	*gotovu	*gotovu	*gotovu
vocative	*gotova	*gotově	*gotově
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gotovi	*gotovy	*gotova
genitive	*gotovъ	*gotovъ	*gotovъ
dative	*gotovomъ	*gotovamъ	*gotovomъ
accusative	*gotovy	*gotovy	*gotova
instrumental	*gotovy	*gotovami	*gotovy
locative	*gotověxъ	*gotovaxъ	*gotověxъ
vocative	*gotovi	*gotovy	*gotova

Definite declension of *gotovъ (hard, accent paradigm a)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gotovъjь	*gotovaja	*gotovoje
genitive	*gotovajego	*gotovyję̇	*gotovajego
dative	*gotovujemu	*gotověji	*gotovujemu
accusative	*gotovъjь	*gotovǫjǫ	*gotovoje
instrumental	*gotovyjimь	*gotovǫjǫ	*gotovyjimь
locative	*gotovějemь	*gotověji	*gotovějemь
vocative	*gotovъjь	*gotovaja	*gotovoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gotovaja	*gotověji	*gotověji
genitive	*gotovuju	*gotovuju	*gotovuju
dative	*gotovyjima	*gotovyjima	*gotovyjima
accusative	*gotovaja	*gotověji	*gotověji
instrumental	*gotovyjima	*gotovyjima	*gotovyjima
locative	*gotovuju	*gotovuju	*gotovuju
vocative	*gotovaja	*gotověji	*gotověji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*gotoviji	*gotovyję̇	*gotovaja
genitive	*gotovъjixъ	*gotovъjixъ	*gotovъjixъ
dative	*gotovyjimъ	*gotovyjimъ	*gotovyjimъ
accusative	*gotovyję̇	*gotovyję̇	*gotovaja
instrumental	*gotovyjimi	*gotovyjimi	*gotovyjimi
locative	*gotovyjixъ	*gotovyjixъ	*gotovyjixъ
vocative	*gotoviji	*gotovyję̇	*gotovaja

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: готовꙑи (gotovyi)
    • Belarusian: гато́вы (hatóvy)
    • Russian: гото́вый (gotóvyj)
    • Ukrainian: гото́вий (hotóvyj)
  • Old Novgorodian: готовꙑи (gotovyi)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: готовъ (gotovŭ)
  • Bulgarian: гото́в (gotóv)
  • Macedonian: готов (gotov)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Latin script: gòtov

    Cyrillic script: го̀тов

  • Slovene: gotȍv (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: gòtowi
  • Old Czech: hotový
    • Czech: hotový
  • Old Polish: gotowy, gotów
    • Masurian: gotowi
    • Polish: gotowy
    • Silesian: gotowy
  • Slovak: hotový
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: hotowy
    • Lower Sorbian: gótowy

• Non-Slavic:
  • →? Albanian: gat, gati
  • →? Lithuanian: gãtavas
  • →? Latvian: gatavs
  • →⇒? Old Prussian: pogattawint

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “гото́вый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982–2012), “готовий”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• Machek, Václav (1968) “hotový”, in Etymologický slovník jazyka českého [Etymological Dictionary of the Czech Language], 2nd edition, Prague: Academia, page 178
• Rejzek, Jiří (2001) “hotový”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 1st edition, Voznice: LEDA, →ISBN, page 215
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “готов”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 268
• Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*taujan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 511
• Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “gãtavas”, in Słownik etymologiczny je̜zyka litewskiego‎^[3] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 302