Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kara

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Japonic *kuro,^[1] however, the Altaic hypothesis is not accepted by many scholars.

May be related to Khitan 黑 (kara, “west”) since colors indicate direction in Turkic mythology.^[2]

Adjective

*kara

black

Alternative reconstructions

*karā^[3]

Derived terms

*kapkara (“jet-black”) (intensified adjectival form)
*karaŋu (“dark”)

Descendants

→ Proto-Mongolic: *kara^[3]

Oghur
- Proto-Oghur: *χara
  - Khazar
  - Proto-Bulgar: *χåra
    - Bulgar
      - Danube Bulgar:
      - Volga Bulgar:
    - Old Chuvash: *χåra
      - Middle Chuvash: *χora
        Chuvash
        Anatri Chuvash: хура (hura)
        
        Viryal Chuvash: хора (hora)

Proto-Common Turkic: *kara

Arghu:
- Khalaj: qara
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: قَرَه (qara)
  - Azerbaijani: qara
  - Gagauz: kara
  - Ottoman Turkish: قره (kara)
    - Turkish: kara
      - → Adyghe: къарэ (qarɛ)
- Salar: gara
- Turkmen: gara
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قَرا (kara)
  - Chagatai: قرا (qara)
    - Ili Turki: qara
    - Uyghur: قارا (qara)
    - Uzbek: qora
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡара (qara)
  - Tatar: кара (qara)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: кара (kara)
  - Southern Altai: кара (kara)
- South Kipchak:
  - Nogai: кара (kara)
  - Kazakh: қара (qara)
  - Karakalpak: qara
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qara
  - Karachay-Balkar: къара (qara)
  - Krymchak: къара (qara)
  - Kumyk: къара (qara)
  - Karaim: kara
Siberian:
- Yenisei Kyrgyz [script needed] (qara)
- Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰺𐰀 (qr¹a /⁠qara⁠/)
- Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽰 (qʾrʾ /⁠ḳara⁠/)
  - Western Yugur: [script needed] (gara)
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: хара (qara, “black”), хараҥа (qaraŋa, “dark”)
  - Dolgan: кара
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tuvan: кара (kara)
    - Tofa: ӄара^[4]
  - Yenisei:
    - Shor: қара (qara)
    - Khakas: хара (xara)
  - Northern Altai: кара (kara)

References

^ Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*kara”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
^ https://www.turkedebiyati.org/turk-kulturunu-hangi-renkler-anlatir/
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Doerfer, Gerhard (1971), Khalaj Materials, Indiana University, →ISBN, page 300
^ Валентин Иванович Рассадин (2005) Словарь тофаларско-русский и русско-тофаларский, page 42

Agyágasi, Klára (2019), Chuvash Historical Phonetics (Turcologica; 117), Wiesbaden: Harrssowitz, page 226

[1] Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*kara”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[2] ttps://www.turkedebiyati.org/turk-kulturunu-hangi-renkler-anlatir/

[Doerfer-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Doerfer, Gerhard (1971), Khalaj Materials, Indiana University, →ISBN, page 300

[4] Валентин Иванович Рассадин (2005) Словарь тофаларско-русский и русско-тофаларский, page 42

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

āk, ürüŋ	boŕ, sūr, kuba, čāl, *oń	*kara
kïŕïl; āl	koŋur, yạgïŕ	sārïg, yẹgren
	*yāĺïl
	*kȫk
	*(y)ip-