User:Victar/Reflexes/Middle Western Iranian
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Consonants
[edit]PIr | PWIr | Bal | PMP | OWIr | MWIr | WIr | Examples | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OM | OP | MM | Pth | EMP | LMP | Krd | Med | Prs | PIr | Bal | PWIr | WOIr | WMIr | WIr | ||||
*b | *b | b | *b | b | *b | b | *bráHtā (“brother”) | barát | *brātā | OP brā́tā | Pth. brād, MP brād | Krd. bra, Med. barā, barāt | ||||||
*β ‹b›[C 1] | ||||||||||||||||||
*β[C 2] | w | *naybah (“blessed”) | *naiβah | OP naibaʰ | Pth nēw, MP nēw | |||||||||||||
*č /tš/ | *č | č | *č | *č ‹c› | *č | č ‹c› | č ‹ç› | č | *čárma (“skin”) | čarm | *čarma | OM *čarma, OP čarma | MM *čarm, Pth čarm, MP čarm | Krd. çerm, Krm. čarm | ||||
*ǰ[C 3] | *ǰ ‹c› | *ž | *ǰ > *ž ‹ž, c› | *ǰ ‹c› | *ž > z ‹z› | ž ‹j› | *ráwčah (“day”) | rōč | *rauǰah | OM *rauǰah, OP raucaʰ | MM *rōǰ, Pth rōž, MP rōz | Krd. roj, Med. rū, rūj | ||||||
*ǰ /dž/ | *ǰ | ǰ ‹j› | *ž | *ž ‹j› | *ž | *ž ‹j› | z | *ǰánHs (“woman”) | *žanih | OM *žanih, OP *janih | MM *žan, Pth. žan, MP zan | |||||||
*ć /ts/ | *s | s | *s | θ | h | *ćuxráh (“red”) | suhr | *suxrah | OM *suxrah, OP *θuxrah | MM *suhr, Pth suxr, MP suxr | Krd. sûr, Krm. sūr | |||||||
*s | s | *s | θ | h | *Hrāθáh (“road”) | *rāθah | OP *rāθah | Pth rāh, MP rāh | ||||||||||
*tʰ | *tʰ | tʰ | *θ | s[C 4] | *catám (“hundred”) | *catam | OP *θatam | Pth sad, MP sad | ||||||||||
š[C 5] | *dáHθnah (“gift”) | *dāšnah | OM *dāšnah, OP *dāšnah | Pth dāšn, MP dāšn | ||||||||||||||
š[C 6] | ||||||||||||||||||
*d | *d | d | *d | d | *d | d | d | *dā́ru (“wood”) | *dāru | OM *dāru, OP dāru | MM *dār, MP dār | Krd. dār | ||||||
*δ[C 2] | *δ ‹d› | *y | *δ ‹d› | y | *pā́dah (“foot”) | pád | *pāδah | OM *pāδah, OP pādaʰ | MM *pāδ, Pth. pāδ, MP pāy | Krd. pē, Krm. pā | ||||||||
*g | *g | g | *g | g | *g | g | *gā́wš (“cow”) | *gāwš | OM *gāwš, OP *gāuš | MM *gāw, Pth. gāw, MP gāw | ||||||||
*ǧ[C 2] | *ǧ ‹g› | *ǧ | *ǧ ‹ǧ, g› | *ǧ ‹g› | k | *yugám (“yoke”) | ji | *yuǧam | OM *ǰugam, OP ǰugam | MM *ǰuǧ, Pth. yuǧ, MP ǰuǧ | ||||||||
*ǧ ‹g› | *y > ∅ | y | *dr̥Hgáh (“long”) | *darǧah | OM *darǧah, OP dargaʰ | MM *dēr, Pth. darǧ, EMP daǧr, LMP dēr | ||||||||||||
*y > ∅ > h | y | *taygáh (“sharp”) | *taiǧah | OP *taigah | EMP tēy, LMP tēh | |||||||||||||
*ǧʷ > w[C 7] | *mr̥gáh (“hen”) | *mr̥ʷǧah | OM *mr̥ǧah, OP *mr̥gah | MM *murǧ, Pth. murǧ, MP murw | ||||||||||||||
*h | *h | h | *h | *h | h | |||||||||||||
*h | *h | ∅[C 8] | *∅ | ∅ | *hráwtah (“stream”) | *rautah | OM *rauδah, OP rautaʰ | MM *rōy, Pth. rōd, MP rōd | ||||||||||
*j /dz/ | *j | z | *j | *δ ‹d› | ||||||||||||||
*δ > d[C 9] | ||||||||||||||||||
š[C 5] | ||||||||||||||||||
*k | *k | k | *k | k | *káHmah (“wish”) | *kāmah | OM *kāmah, OP kāmaʰ | MP kām | ||||||||||
*m | *m | m | *m | m | ||||||||||||||
*n | *n | n | *n | |||||||||||||||
*p | *p | p | *p | p | p | |||||||||||||
b[C 3] | ||||||||||||||||||
*pʰ | *pʰ | pʰ | *f | f | ||||||||||||||
*r | *r | r | *r | r | ||||||||||||||
∅[C 10] | *tŕ̥šnah (“thirst”) | tunnag | *tr̥šnah | Pth. tišnag, MP tišn | ||||||||||||||
*s | *s | s | *s | s | ||||||||||||||
*š | *š | š | *š | š | ||||||||||||||
*t | *t | t | *t | t | t | |||||||||||||
d[C 3] | ||||||||||||||||||
*w | *w | w | *w | *w ‹v› | w | |||||||||||||
*gʷ ‹g›[C 11] | *wŕ̥kah (“wolf”) | *wr̥ʷkah | OM *wr̥kah, OP vr̥kaʰ | MM *warg, Pth. gurg, MP gurg | ||||||||||||||
*wiHanHáh (“life, soul”) | *wyānah | OM *wyānah, OP *vyānah | MM [Term?], Pth. gyān, MP gyān | |||||||||||||||
*w | w | *uw[C 12] | ||||||||||||||||
*kʰ | *kʰ | kʰ | *x | x | ||||||||||||||
h | *taxmáh (“strong”) | *taxmah | OM *taxmah, OP *tahmah | MM *tahm, Pth. tahm, MP tahm | ||||||||||||||
∅ | h | *táwxmā (“seed”) | tūm | *tauxmā | OM *tauxmā, OP tauʰmā | MM *tōxm, Pth. tōxm, EMP tōhm, LMP tōm | ||||||||||||
*y | *y | y | *y | y | y | |||||||||||||
ǰ ‹j› | *j[C 13] | y | *ǰ ‹y›[C 13] | ǰ ‹c› | *HyúHā (“young”) | *yūwā | OM *ǰuwā, OP *ǰuwā | MM *ǰúwān, Pth. yuwān, MP ǰuwān | Prs. javân | |||||||||
ǰ ‹j› | *h | h | *jráyah (“sea”) | *jrayah | OM *zrayəh, OP *draiiaʰ | MM *zrēh, Pth. zrēh | ||||||||||||
y | *iy[C 12] | iy | ||||||||||||||||
*z | *z | z | *z | |||||||||||||||
*ž | *ž | ž | *ž | ž |
Consonant clusters
[edit]PIr | PWIr | OIr | MIr | Ir | Examples | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OM | OP | MM | Pth | MP | Bal | Krd | Med | PIr | PWIr | OIr | MIr | |||
Fr | *θr | *θr | *šr[C 14] > *ṣ <ç> | *hr | hr | s | *putrás (“boy”) | OM *puθrah, OP puçaʰ | Pth. puhr, MP pus | |||||
Fw | *hw | *hw | *hβ > hφ? | *hw ‹ʰuv› | *f | xw | *hwáfnah (“sleep”) | *hwáfnəh | OM *hφafnah, OP *hvafnah | MM *farm, Pth. xwamr, MP xwamn | ||||
*θw | *θw | *θβ | θ | f | h | *čaθwā́rah (“four”) | *čaθwārah | OM *čahφārah, OP *čaθārah | MM *čavōr, Pth. čafār, MP čahār | |||||
*θw | *θβ | *θw ‹θuv› | *t | t | *θwáHam (“you”) | *θwām | OM *θwām, OP θvām | MM *tū, Pth. tū, tō, MP tū, tō | ||||||
Fy | *θy | *θiy | šiy | |||||||||||
rN | *rn | *ř | ř ‹rr› | *pr̥Hnáh (“full”) | *purnah | OM *purnah, OP *purnah | MM *puř, Pth. purr, MP purr | |||||||
rT | *rd | *rδ | *rδ ‹rd› | l[C 15] | ł ‹ll› | *ćarHdáh (“year”) | OM *sarδah, OP θardaʰ | MM *sār, Pth. sār, MP sāl | ||||||
*rt | *rt | ṣ̌ | ||||||||||||
rTS | *rj | *rz | rz | ł | l | *br̥jáns (“high”) | *br̥ȷ́ans | OM *br̥zans, OP *br̥dans | MM *buland, Pth. burzend, MP buland | |||||
rw | *rw | [Term?] (“all”) | OP harvaʰ | MP har | ||||||||||
Sw | *žw | *žw | *žβ | žw | zβ | zw | *hižwáHnah (“tongue”) | *hižwānah | OM *hižwānah, OP hazānaʰ | Pth. izβān, MP izwān | ||||
Tr | *dr | *δr | *δr ‹dr› | *θr > hr | hr | *badráh (“happy, glad”) | *baδrah | OM *baδrah, OP *badrah | Pth. bahr, MP bahr | |||||
*tr | *tr | *θr > *šr[C 14] > *ṣ <ç> > š | *tr | tr | *Húštrah (“camel”) | *uštrah | OM *uštrah, OP *uššah | MM *uštər | ||||||
TSw | *ćw | *sw | *sβ | s | *sp | sp | sp | *Hácwah (“horse”) | *aswah | OM *aspah, OP asaʰ | MM *asp, Pth. asp | |||
*ȷ́w | *zw | *zβ | z | č | č | *ȷ́wárati (“to stagger”) | *zwarati | OP *zarati | Pth. čarēnd, MP čarēnd | |||||
Tw | *dw | *dw | *dβ | *dw ‹duv› | *b | b | d | *dwā́r (“door”) | OM *dβār, OP *dvār | MM *bar, Pth. bar, MP dar |
- Notes
- ^ b > β; d > δ / V_V
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 > /V(r)_
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 p > b; t > d; č > ǰ / {V(r),N}_
- ^ θ > s / #_
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 {*s,*θ} > š / _*n
- ^ *θ > š / _*y
- ^ *ǧ > *ǧʷ > w / C[+lab]V(r)_
- ^ *h > ∅ / _R[+voice]
- ^ *δ > d / {#,N_}
- ^ r > ∅ / _š
- ^ wə > gu / #_
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 *y > *iy; *w > *uw / C_
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 y > ǰ / #_
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 {δ,θ} > š /_R
- ^ rð > l / (a>a:)_