buruk

Basque

Noun

buruk

1. ergative indefinite of buru

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay buruk, from Proto-Malayic *buruk, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buʀuk, from Proto-Austronesian *buʀuk (“rotten; bad character”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈburuʔ/ [ˈbu.rʊʔ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uruʔ
• Syllabification: bu‧ruk

Adjective

buruk (comparative lebih buruk, superlative paling buruk)

1. bad

   Antonym: baik

2. evil

   Synonym: jahat

3. (uncommon) synonym of busuk (“rotten”)
4. (uncommon) synonym of jelek (“ugly”)

Affixations

• buruk-burukkan (“to badmouth”)
• burukkan (“to make bad; to badmouth”)
• keburukan (“badness”)
• memburuk (“to get worse”)
• pemburukan (“worsening”)
• perburuk (“to worsen”)
• terburuk (“worst”)

dialectal

• berburuk (“to disagree, dispute; to have a bad or wrong take”)
• berburuk-buruk (“to disagree, dispute (repeatedly)”)
• burukan (“a type of land”)

Compounds

• mimpi buruk (“nightmare”)

• buruk hati (“evil”)
• buruk mulut (“bad-mouth”)
• buruk rupa (“ugly”)
• buruk sangka (“prejudice”)

rare or obsolete

• buruk ambil (“to have a bad take”)
• buruk perut (“greedy”)
• buruk pinta (“unlucky”)
• buruk selera (“greedy”)
• buruk siku (“ungrateful”)

Further reading

• “buruk”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Javanese

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buʀuk.

Noun

buruk (Javanese script ꦧꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀)

1. a kind of chicken disease

Further reading

• “buruk”, in Javanese-Indonesian Dictionary [Kamus Bahasa Jawa-Indonesia] (in Javanese), Yogyakarta, Indonesia: The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta Special [Balai Bahasa Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta], 2023.

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *buruk, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buʀuk, from Proto-Austronesian *buʀuk (“rotten; bad character”).

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -uk

• (Literary Standard) IPA^(key): /ˈburuk/ [ˈbu.ruʔ]

• (Southern Peninsular Malaysia Standard) IPA^(key): /ˈburok/ [ˈbu.roʔ]
• Rhymes: -urok, -rok, -ok

Adjective

buruk (Jawi spelling بوروق, comparative lebih buruk, superlative paling buruk)

1. old, rotten (as in wood or metal)
2. decayed (of fruit or food)
3. (figurative) bad (of character)

Derived terms

Affixed terms and other derivations

Regular affixed derivations:

• keburukan [abstract / locative] (ke-an)
• seburuk-buruk [reduplication + comparability] (redup + se-)
• perburuk [causative passive] (peR-)
• burukkan [causative benefactive] (-kan)
• memburuk [agent focus] (meN-)
• memburukkan [agent focus + causative benefactive] (meN- + -kan)
• diburukkan [patient focus + causative benefactive] (di- + -kan)
• terburuk [agentless action] (teR-)
• memperburukkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive] (mempeR- + -kan)
• diperburukkan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive] (dipeR- + -kan)
• buruk-buruk [reduplication] (redup)

Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:

• buruk sangka
• buruk siku
• mimpi buruk

Descendants

• Indonesian: buruk
• → Cebuano: bulok
• → Tagalog: bulok

References

• “buruk”, in Kamus Dewan [The Institute Dictionary] (in Malay), Fourth edition, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2005, →ISBN
• "buruk" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017

Sundanese

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buʀuk, probably via Malay buruk.

Adjective

buruk (Sundanese script ᮘᮥᮛᮥᮊ᮪)

1. decayed
2. rotten

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish بوروق (buruk); equivalent to bur- (“to twist, wring”) +‎ -uk.

Adjective

buruk

1. acrid, pungent, subacid, having a strong taste that stings the tongue

   Synonym: kekre

2. twisted, winding, tortile, distorted, contorted, bent out of shape

   Synonym: burulmuş

3. offended, hurt, feeling emotional pain

   Synonyms: güçenmiş, incinmiş

Declension

Predicative forms of buruk

present tense
	positive declarative	positive interrogative
ben (I am)	buruğum	buruk muyum?
sen (you are)	buruksun	buruk musun?
o (he/she/it is)	buruk / buruktur	buruk mu?
biz (we are)	buruğuz	buruk muyuz?
siz (you are)	buruksunuz	buruk musunuz?
onlar (they are)	buruk(lar)	buruk(lar) mı?
past tense
	positive declarative	positive interrogative
ben (I was)	buruktum	buruk muydum?
sen (you were)	buruktun	buruk muydun?
o (he/she/it was)	buruktu	buruk muydu?
biz (we were)	buruktuk	buruk muyduk?
siz (you were)	buruktunuz	buruk muydunuz?
onlar (they were)	buruktular	buruk muydular?
indirect past
	positive declarative	positive interrogative
ben (I was)	burukmuşum	buruk muymuşum?
sen (you were)	burukmuşsun	buruk muymuşsun?
o (he/she/it was)	burukmuş	buruk muymuş?
biz (we were)	burukmuşuz	buruk muymuşuz?
siz (you were)	burukmuşsunuz	buruk muymuşsunuz?
onlar (they were)	burukmuşlar	buruk muymuşlar?
conditional
	positive declarative	positive interrogative
ben (if I)	buruksam	buruk muysam?
sen (if you)	buruksan	buruk muysan?
o (if he/she/it)	buruksa	buruk muysa?
biz (if we)	buruksak	buruk muysak?
siz (if you)	buruksanız	buruk muysanız?
onlar (if they)	buruksalar	buruk muysalar?

For negative forms, use the appropriate form of değil.

Derived terms

• buruk buruk
• burukça
• buruklaşmak
• burukluk
• buruksu

Further reading

• “buruk”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “buruk”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “buruk”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 705