lugeo

Latin

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break, injure”) with a semantic shift to “be in pain” in the stative. Cognate with Ancient Greek λευγαλέος (leugaléos), λυγρός (lugrós), Sanskrit रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”), Latvian lauzt (“to break, fracture”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lewg- (“to gulp, swallow, gasp”); compare Old Irish loingid (“to eat”) and Ancient Greek λύζω (lúzō, “to hiccup; to sob”), λυγγανώμενον (lunganṓmenon, “sobbing”), λυγμός (lugmós, “the hiccups”). In either case it may be influenced by onomatopoeia.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈluː.ɡe.oː/, [ˈɫ̪uːɡeoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈlu.d͡ʒe.o/, [ˈluːd͡ʒeo]

Verb

lūgeō (present infinitive lūgēre, perfect active lūxī, supine lūctum); second conjugation

1. to mourn, lament, bewail, deplore

   Synonyms: dēplōrō, queror, conqueror, ingemō, gemō, plangō, plōrō, fleō

   Beati, qui lugent: quoniam ipsi consolabuntur.

   Blessed are they who mourn, for they shall be comforted. — Vulgate, Mt 5, 5

Conjugation

• Please note that there is a disagreement over whether or not there is a macron on the third and fourth principal parts for the first syllable and for the subsequent verb forms from these (lūxī for luxī and lūctum for luctum).

Conjugation of lūgeō (second conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	lūgeō	lūgēs	lūget	lūgēmus	lūgētis	lūgent
	imperfect	lūgēbam	lūgēbās	lūgēbat	lūgēbāmus	lūgēbātis	lūgēbant
	future	lūgēbō	lūgēbis	lūgēbit	lūgēbimus	lūgēbitis	lūgēbunt
	perfect	lūxī	lūxistī	lūxit	lūximus	lūxistis	lūxērunt, lūxēre
	pluperfect	lūxeram	lūxerās	lūxerat	lūxerāmus	lūxerātis	lūxerant
	future perfect	lūxerō	lūxeris	lūxerit	lūxerimus	lūxeritis	lūxerint
passive	present	lūgeor	lūgēris, lūgēre	lūgētur	lūgēmur	lūgēminī	lūgentur
	imperfect	lūgēbar	lūgēbāris, lūgēbāre	lūgēbātur	lūgēbāmur	lūgēbāminī	lūgēbantur
	future	lūgēbor	lūgēberis, lūgēbere	lūgēbitur	lūgēbimur	lūgēbiminī	lūgēbuntur
	perfect	lūctus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	lūctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	lūctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	lūgeam	lūgeās	lūgeat	lūgeāmus	lūgeātis	lūgeant
	imperfect	lūgērem	lūgērēs	lūgēret	lūgērēmus	lūgērētis	lūgērent
	perfect	lūxerim	lūxerīs	lūxerit	lūxerīmus	lūxerītis	lūxerint
	pluperfect	lūxissem	lūxissēs	lūxisset	lūxissēmus	lūxissētis	lūxissent
passive	present	lūgear	lūgeāris, lūgeāre	lūgeātur	lūgeāmur	lūgeāminī	lūgeantur
	imperfect	lūgērer	lūgērēris, lūgērēre	lūgērētur	lūgērēmur	lūgērēminī	lūgērentur
	perfect	lūctus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	lūctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	lūgē	—	—	lūgēte	—
	future	—	lūgētō	lūgētō	—	lūgētōte	lūgentō
passive	present	—	lūgēre	—	—	lūgēminī	—
	future	—	lūgētor	lūgētor	—	—	lūgentor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		lūgēre	lūxisse	lūctūrum esse	lūgērī	lūctum esse	lūctum īrī
participles		lūgēns	—	lūctūrus	—	lūctus	lūgendus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		lūgendī	lūgendō	lūgendum	lūgendō	lūctum	lūctū

Derived terms

• ēlūgeō
• lūctus
• lūgubris

Related terms

Related terms

• lūctifer
• luctificābilis
• lūctificus
• lūctisonus
• lūctuōsē
• lūctuōsus
• lūgubrē
• lūgubria
• lūgubriter

Further reading

• “lugeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “lugeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• lugeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Kölligan, Daniel (2005) “Lat. lugēre ‘trauern’”, in International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction, volume 2, pages 169–175