sudah

Betawi

Alternative forms

• suda, sudè (dialectal)
• udah (clipping)

Etymology

From Classical Malay sudah, borrowed from Sanskrit शुद्ध (śuddha). Compare Musi sudém, Central Malay sudim, udim, all primarily used to mean "done, finished" (not as markers of perfective aspect).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sudah/
• Rhymes: -ah
• Hyphenation: su‧dah

Verb

sudah

1. (chiefly Bekasi) to be done; to be finished

   Synonyms: abis, bèrès, kelar, klop, kubra, rampung, selesé, siap, udahan

Adverb

sudah

1. (archaic) alternative form of udah (“perfective aspect”)

Interjection

sudah

1. (archaic) alternative form of udah (“alright; enough!”)

Further reading

• Chaer, A. (2009) [1976], “sudè”, in Kamus dialek Jakarta [Dictionary of the Jakarta dialect], revised edition (in Indonesian), Depok: Masup Jakarta, →ISBN, page 450

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• udah (colloquial)
• dah (colloquial)

Etymology

From Malay sudah, borrowed from Sanskrit शुद्ध (śuddha). Doublet of deh.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈsudah/ [ˈsu.dah]
• Rhymes: -udah
• Syllabification: su‧dah

Verb

sudah

1. perfective aspect, indicating that the process has been accomplished.

   Sudah berapa lama kamu belajar bahasa indonesia?

   How long have you been learning Indonesian?

Usage notes

Sudah is often translated as already in Indonesian and Malay language textbooks to convey its meaning in the languages which express perfective aspect through inflection.

Derived terms

Affixed terms and other derivations

Regular affixed derivations:

• kesudahan [abstract / locative] (ke-an)
• sudah-sudah [reduplication] (redup)
• sesudah [comparability] (se-)

Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:

• sesudahnya
• berkesudahan
• menyudahi

See also

• belum
• telah
• telanjur

Further reading

• “sudah”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Malay

Alternative forms

• da, dah (apheresis, colloquial)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शुद्ध (śuddha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsudah/ [ˈsu.dah]
• Rhymes: -udah, -dah, -ah
• Hyphenation: su‧dah

Adjective

sudah (Jawi spelling سوده, comparative lebih sudah, superlative paling sudah)

1. done, finished, completed
2. enough, sufficient

Adverb

sudah (Jawi spelling سوده)

1. perfective aspect marker, indicating that the process has been accomplished

   Synonym: telah

   Saya sudah makan.

   I have already eaten.

   Adam sudah ke sekolahkah?

   Has Adam gone to school already?

Interjection

sudah (Jawi spelling سوده)

1. expresses one doesn't want something to continue; "that's enough!"

   Sudah, pergi ke bilik sekarang!

   That's enough, go to your room now!

Verb

sudah (Jawi spelling سوده)

1. (intransitive) to end, to finish

   Synonyms: tamat, selesai, habis

Usage notes

• When used as an adverb, sudah is often translated as already in Indonesian and Malay language textbooks to convey its meaning in the languages which express perfective aspect through inflection.
• The word is often shortened to dah in casual speech.

Affixations

• berkesudahan
• bersudah
• bersudah-sudah
• kesudah-sudahan
• kesudahan
• menyudahi
• menyudahkan, mempersudahkan
• penyudah
• penyudahan
• sesudah, sesudahnya
• sesudah-sudah, sesudah-sudahnya

Descendants

• > Indonesian: sudah (inherited)
• ⇒ North Moluccan Malay: so

Further reading

• “sudah”, in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu [Malay Literary Reference Centre] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017