wḏꜣ

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /waˈc’aʀ/ → /waˈt͡ʃʼaʀ/ → /wəˈt͡ʃʼej/ → /wəˈt͡ʃʼej/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /waˈc’aʀ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /waˈt͡ʃʼaʀ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /wəˈt͡ʃʼej/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /wəˈt͡ʃʼej/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /wɛd͡ʒɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: wedja

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) intact, sound, unhurt, in good condition
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 76–80:

     ꜥḥꜥ.n rdj.f wj m r(ꜣ).f jt.f wj r st.f nt snḏm wꜣḥ.f wj nn dmjt.j wḏꜣ.kw nn jtt jm.j

     Then he put me in his mouth, took me to his place of residence, and set me down without touching me, intact, without anything taken from me.

   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 1.1:

     wḏꜣ snḏw ḥz mt

     The deferential man is sound; the scrupulous man is honored.

2. (intransitive, with r or ḥr) to be(come) kept safe from, to be preserved in the face of (something evil) [Late Period and Greco-Roman Period]
3. (intransitive, of matters, affairs, states) to be(come) in a good state or condition
4. (intransitive, of roads) to be(come) passable, traversable
5. (intransitive, mathematics) to be(come) left over in a calculation
6. (transitive) to leave intact or sound [Greco-Roman Period]

Inflection

Conjugation of wḏꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: wḏꜣ, geminated stem: wḏꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
wḏꜣ	wḏꜣw, wḏꜣ	wḏꜣt	wḏꜣ	wḏꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
wḏꜣ	ḥr wḏꜣ	m wḏꜣ	r wḏꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	wḏꜣ.n	consecutive	wḏꜣ.jn
terminative	wḏꜣt
perfective3	wḏꜣ	obligative1	wḏꜣ.ḫr
imperfective	wḏꜣ
prospective3	wḏꜣ	potentialis1	wḏꜣ.kꜣ
subjunctive	wḏꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	wḏꜣ.n	—	—
perfective	wḏꜣ	wḏꜣ	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣw5, wḏꜣy5
imperfective	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣy, wḏꜣw5	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣj6, wḏꜣy6	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣw5
prospective	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣtj7	wḏꜣtj4, wḏꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wḏꜣ  

wḏꜣ	wḏꜣ
	abbreviation

Derived terms

• ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb
• wḏꜣ jb
• wḏꜣt
• swḏꜣ

 

Descendants

• Demotic: wḏꜣ
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓ (oučei), ⲟⲩϫⲉⲉⲓ (oučeei), ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓⲧⲉ (oučeite)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ (oučai)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓ (oučei), ⲟⲩϫⲉⲉⲓ (oučeei), ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ (oučai)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩϫⲉⲉⲓ (oučeei)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ (oučai), ⲟⲩϫϩⲁⲓ (oučhai)

Noun

 m

1. (uncountable) soundness, well-being

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Descendants

See under the verb above.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːc’aʀ/ → /ˈwaːtʼaʀ/ → /ˈwiːtʼə/ → /ˈwiːtʼə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːc’aʀ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːtʼaʀ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwiːtʼə/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwiːtʼə/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /wɛd͡ʒɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: wedja

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to go in procession, to proceed ceremoniously (+ r: to (a place))
2. (intransitive) to go in general, to proceed, to make one’s way (+ r: to (a place); + n: to (a person); + ḥr: on (a path), through (a door))
3. (intransitive) to pass on, to go along
4. (intransitive, euphemistic) to pass on, to pass away, to die
5. (intransitive, of the sun) to set
6. (intransitive, imperative) come in!
7. (transitive) to enter (a place) [Greco-Roman Period]
8. (intransitive, with following r and infinitive) to go to do (something)

Inflection

Conjugation of wḏꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: wḏꜣ, geminated stem: wḏꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
wḏꜣ	wḏꜣw, wḏꜣ	wḏꜣt	wḏꜣ	wḏꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
wḏꜣ	ḥr wḏꜣ	m wḏꜣ	r wḏꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	wḏꜣ.n	consecutive	wḏꜣ.jn
terminative	wḏꜣt
perfective3	wḏꜣ	obligative1	wḏꜣ.ḫr
imperfective	wḏꜣ
prospective3	wḏꜣ	potentialis1	wḏꜣ.kꜣ
subjunctive	wḏꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	wḏꜣ.n	—	—
perfective	wḏꜣ	wḏꜣ	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣw5, wḏꜣy5
imperfective	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣy, wḏꜣw5	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣj6, wḏꜣy6	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣw5
prospective	wḏꜣ, wḏꜣtj7	wḏꜣtj4, wḏꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wḏꜣ  

wḏꜣ

Derived terms

• šms wḏꜣ

Descendants

• Demotic: wṱ
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲓⲧⲉ (ouite)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲓϯ (biti)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧⲓ (oueiti)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧⲉ (oueite), ⲟⲩⲓⲧⲉ (ouite), ⲟⲩⲉⲉⲧⲉ (oueete), ⲃⲓⲧⲉ (bite)

References

• “wḏꜣ (lemma ID 52090)”, “wḏꜣ (lemma ID 52100)”, and “wḏꜣ (lemma ID 52130)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[2], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[3], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 399.14–401.8, 403.2–403.19
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 74–75
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 173, 189, 191.