कठिन

See also: कठिनि

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कठिन (kaṭhina).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /kə.ʈʰɪn/, [kɐ.ʈʰɪ̃n]

Adjective

कठिन • (kaṭhin) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling کٹھن)

1. difficult, challenging, arduous

   Synonyms: मुश्किल (muśkil), कड़ा (kaṛā)

   Antonym: सरल (saral)

   प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को प्रसन्न करना बहुत कठिन है।

   pratyek vyakti ko prasann karnā bahut kaṭhin hai.

   It is very difficult to please everybody.

Derived terms

• कठिनाई (kaṭhināī)

Related terms

• कठिनता (kaṭhintā)

Further reading

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “कठिन”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• Caturvedi, Mahendra, Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970) “कठिन”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
• “कठिन”, in Collins Gem Hindi-English Dictionary, Collins, 2011, →ISBN
• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “कठिन”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “कठिन”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884) “कठिन”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• কঠিন (Assamese script)
• ᬓᬞᬶᬦ (Balinese script)
• কঠিন (Bengali script)
• 𑰎𑰙𑰰𑰡 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀓𑀞𑀺𑀦 (Brahmi script)
• ကဌိန (Burmese script)
• કઠિન (Gujarati script)
• ਕਠਿਨ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌕𑌠𑌿𑌨 (Grantha script)
• ꦏꦜꦶꦤ (Javanese script)
• 𑂍𑂘𑂱𑂢 (Kaithi script)
• ಕಠಿನ (Kannada script)
• កឋិន (Khmer script)
• ກຐິນ (Lao script)
• കഠിന (Malayalam script)
• ᡬᠠᡱᡳᠨᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘎𑘙𑘱𑘡 (Modi script)
• ᢉᠠᢍᠢᠨᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦮𑦹𑧒𑧁 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐎𑐛𑐶𑐣 (Newa script)
• କଠିନ (Odia script)
• ꢒꢝꢶꢥ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆑𑆜𑆴𑆤 (Sharada script)
• 𑖎𑖙𑖰𑖡 (Siddham script)
• කඨින (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩜𑩧𑩑𑩯 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚊𑚕𑚮𑚝 (Takri script)
• கடி²ந (Tamil script)
• కఠిన (Telugu script)
• กฐิน (Thai script)
• ཀ་ཋི་ན (Tibetan script)
• 𑒏𑒚𑒱𑒢 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨋𑨕𑨁𑨝 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Probably from the root कठ् (kaṭh, “to live in distress”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /kɐ.ʈʰi.nɐ/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkɐ.ʈʰi.n̪ɐ/

Adjective

कठिन • (kaṭhina) stem

1. difficult
2. stiff, hard, firm
3. harsh, cruel, inflexible
4. violent (as pain)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of कठिन (kaṭhina)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	कठिनः kaṭhinaḥ	कठिनौ / कठिना¹ kaṭhinau / kaṭhinā¹	कठिनाः / कठिनासः¹ kaṭhināḥ / kaṭhināsaḥ¹
Vocative	कठिन kaṭhina	कठिनौ / कठिना¹ kaṭhinau / kaṭhinā¹	कठिनाः / कठिनासः¹ kaṭhināḥ / kaṭhināsaḥ¹
Accusative	कठिनम् kaṭhinam	कठिनौ / कठिना¹ kaṭhinau / kaṭhinā¹	कठिनान् kaṭhinān
Instrumental	कठिनेन kaṭhinena	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनैः / कठिनेभिः¹ kaṭhinaiḥ / kaṭhinebhiḥ¹
Dative	कठिनाय kaṭhināya	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनेभ्यः kaṭhinebhyaḥ
Ablative	कठिनात् kaṭhināt	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनेभ्यः kaṭhinebhyaḥ
Genitive	कठिनस्य kaṭhinasya	कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ	कठिनानाम् kaṭhinānām
Locative	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ	कठिनेषु kaṭhineṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of कठिना (kaṭhinā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	कठिना kaṭhinā	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिनाः kaṭhināḥ
Vocative	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिनाः kaṭhināḥ
Accusative	कठिनाम् kaṭhinām	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिनाः kaṭhināḥ
Instrumental	कठिनया / कठिना¹ kaṭhinayā / kaṭhinā¹	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनाभिः kaṭhinābhiḥ
Dative	कठिनायै kaṭhināyai	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनाभ्यः kaṭhinābhyaḥ
Ablative	कठिनायाः / कठिनायै² kaṭhināyāḥ / kaṭhināyai²	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनाभ्यः kaṭhinābhyaḥ
Genitive	कठिनायाः / कठिनायै² kaṭhināyāḥ / kaṭhināyai²	कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ	कठिनानाम् kaṭhinānām
Locative	कठिनायाम् kaṭhināyām	कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ	कठिनासु kaṭhināsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of कठिन (kaṭhina)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	कठिनम् kaṭhinam	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिनानि / कठिना¹ kaṭhināni / kaṭhinā¹
Vocative	कठिन kaṭhina	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिनानि / कठिना¹ kaṭhināni / kaṭhinā¹
Accusative	कठिनम् kaṭhinam	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिनानि / कठिना¹ kaṭhināni / kaṭhinā¹
Instrumental	कठिनेन kaṭhinena	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनैः / कठिनेभिः¹ kaṭhinaiḥ / kaṭhinebhiḥ¹
Dative	कठिनाय kaṭhināya	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनेभ्यः kaṭhinebhyaḥ
Ablative	कठिनात् kaṭhināt	कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām	कठिनेभ्यः kaṭhinebhyaḥ
Genitive	कठिनस्य kaṭhinasya	कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ	कठिनानाम् kaṭhinānām
Locative	कठिने kaṭhine	कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ	कठिनेषु kaṭhineṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

• कठिनचित्त (kaṭhinacitta)
• कठिनता (kaṭhinatā)
• कठिनत्व (kaṭhinatva)
• कठिनपृष्ठ (kaṭhinapṛṣṭha)
• कठिनपृष्ठक (kaṭhinapṛṣṭhaka)
• कठिनहृदय (kaṭhinahṛdaya)

 

Descendants

• → Bengali: কঠিন (koṭhin)
• → Hindi: कठिन (kaṭhin)
• → Malayalam: കഠിനം (kaṭhinaṁ)
• → Marathi: कठीण (kaṭhīṇ)
• → Tamil: கடினம் (kaṭiṉam)
• → Telugu: కఠినము (kaṭhinamu)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “कठिन”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 244.