剛強

See also: 刚强

Chinese

		hard; firm; strong hard; firm; strong; just; barely; exactly	strength; force; power strength; force; power; powerful; better
trad. (剛強)		剛	強
simp. (刚强)		刚	强

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāngqiáng

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ ㄑㄧㄤˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gong¹ koeng⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kông-khiòng
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-kiông / kong-kiâng / kang-kiông

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāngqiáng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ ㄑㄧㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gangciáng
    • Wade–Giles: kang¹-chʻiang²
    • Yale: gāng-chyáng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gangchyang
    • Palladius: ганцян (gancjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gong¹ koeng⁴
    • Yale: gōng kèuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gong¹ koeng⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gong¹ kêng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰœːŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kông-khiòng
    • Hakka Romanization System: gong´ kiongˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gong¹ kiong²
    • Sinological IPA: /koŋ²⁴ kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-kiông
    • Tâi-lô: kong-kiông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kongkioong
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ²³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-kiâng
    • Tâi-lô: kong-kiâng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kongkiaang
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang-kiông
    • Tâi-lô: kang-kiông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kangkioong
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: kang gjang

Rime
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古郎切	巨良切
Baxter	kang	gjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/	/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/	/gɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/	/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/	/gi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng	qiáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gong1	koeng4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaŋ  N-kaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*klaːŋ  ɡaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāng	qiáng
Middle Chinese	‹ kang ›	‹ gjang ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaŋ/	/*N-kaŋ/
English	strong; hard	strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	3713	10318
Phonetic component	岡	强
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	岡	強
Old Chinese	/*klaːŋ/	/*ɡaŋ/
Notes		彊省聲而非弘聲， 通借爲彊

Adjective

剛強

1. firm; staunch; unyielding

Synonyms

• 倔強／倔强
• 儼硬／俨硬 (Hokkien)
• 剛愎／刚愎 (gāngbì) (literary)
• 剛毅／刚毅 (gāngyì)
• 剛烈／刚烈 (gāngliè)
• 堅強／坚强 (jiānqiáng)
• 堅毅／坚毅 (jiānyì)
• 婞直 (xìngzhí)
• 悻直 (xìngzhí) (literary)
• 擰／拧 (nìng)
• 頑強／顽强 (wánqiáng)