坎坷
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Chinese
[edit]pit; threshold | |||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (坎坷) |
坎 | 坷 | |
alternative forms |
Etymology
[edit]Coined by Han dynasty's scholar Yang Xiong in his 《河東賦》 "Hedong Rhapsody", included in Book of Han:
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ham2 ho2 / ham1 ho1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kham-khiet / kham-khiat
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khám-khó / khám-kho / khám-khia̍t / kham-khia̍t / khám-khiat
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄢˇ ㄎㄜˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kǎnkě
- Wade–Giles: kʻan3-kʻo3
- Yale: kǎn-kě
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaankee
- Palladius: канькэ (kanʹkɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: ham2 ho2 / ham1 ho1
- Yale: hám hó / hām hō
- Cantonese Pinyin: ham2 ho2 / ham1 ho1
- Guangdong Romanization: hem2 ho2 / hem1 ho1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐm³⁵ hɔː³⁵/, /hɐm⁵⁵ hɔː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kham-khiet
- Hakka Romanization System: kam kiedˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kam4 kiad5
- Sinological IPA: /kʰam⁵⁵ kʰi̯et̚²/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kham-khiat
- Hakka Romanization System: kam kiadˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kam4 kiad5
- Sinological IPA: /kʰam⁵⁵ kʰi̯at̚²/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khám-khó
- Tâi-lô: khám-khó
- Phofsit Daibuun: qafmqoir
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰo⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰo⁵³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khám-kho
- Tâi-lô: khám-kho
- Phofsit Daibuun: qafmqoy
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰɤ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Taipei): /kʰam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰo⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khám-khia̍t
- Tâi-lô: khám-khia̍t
- Phofsit Daibuun: qafmqiat
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiɛt̚²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɛt̚⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kʰam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɛt̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kham-khia̍t
- Tâi-lô: kham-khia̍t
- Phofsit Daibuun: qamqiat
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰam⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɛt̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɛt̚⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰam⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɛt̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khám-khiat
- Tâi-lô: khám-khiat
- Phofsit Daibuun: qafmqiad
- IPA (Taipei): /kʰam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɛt̚³²/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɛt̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
Note: khám-khia̍t/kham-khia̍t/khám-khiat - 坎碣 is used in the Mainland.
- Middle Chinese: khomX khaX|khaH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoːmʔ kʰaːlʔ|kʰaːls/
Adjective
[edit]坎坷
- (of a road) bumpy
- 踏平坎坷,成大道;鬥罷艱險,又出發,又出發。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 1986, 閻肅 Yan Su (lyricist) & 許鏡清 Xu Jingqing (composer),《敢問路在何方》 "Dare I ask where the road is?"
- Tà píng kǎnkě, chéng dàdào; dòubà jiānxiǎn, yòu chūfā, yòu chūfā. [Pinyin]
- Trampling the roughs flat, into the great road; fighting and overcoming hardships and dangers, then starting again. Starting again.
踏平坎坷,成大道;斗罢艰险,又出发,又出发。 [MSC, simp.]
- (figurative, of life) hard; rough; ill-fated; unfortunate; unfavoured
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Categories:
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- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
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- Cantonese adjectives
- Hakka adjectives
- Hokkien adjectives
- Middle Chinese adjectives
- Old Chinese adjectives
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 坎
- Chinese terms spelled with 坷
- Mandarin terms with quotations
- Chinese disyllabic morphemes