ꜥ

See also: Ꜥ [U+A724 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN] and ʿ [U+02BF MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING]

ꜥ U+A725, ꜥ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL AIN ← Ꜥ [U+A724] Latin Extended-D Ꜧ → [U+A726]

Translingual

Letter

ꜥ (upper case Ꜥ)

1. (Egyptological transliteration) The lowercase letter ayin, used in most Egyptian transliteration schemes to represent the sound of the hieroglyph . The sound value is thought to have been IPA [ʕ] since at least the time of Middle Egyptian, hypothesized by some to have come from earlier *[d].

See also

• ʿ
• ˤ

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *yad- (“hand”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ʕuːj/ → /ʕuːj/ → /ʕeːj/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕuːj/, or /duːj/ according to the Rösslerian school
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕuːj/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʕeːj/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑː/
  • Conventional anglicization: a

Noun

 m

1. arm, hand [since the First Dynasty]
2. ‘hand’ of an animal: hoof of a cow, foot of a crocodile, etc. [since the Pyramid Texts]
3. part, portion
   1. specific measure of a substance such as food, liquid, or myrrh; portion
   2. individual item of something countable, item, piece [since the Middle Kingdom]
   3. pair of something generally found in pairs [since the Middle Kingdom]
4. region
   1. area, region, portion (of a country, piece of land, or building) [since the Pyramid Texts]
   2. region of the sky where something, particularly the sun, is located
5. (chiefly Late Egyptian) state, condition
6. (chiefly Late Egyptian, with following infinitive as a genitive) manner (of doing something, such as moving or flying)

Inflection

Declension of ꜥ (masculine)

singular	ꜥ
dual	ꜥwj
plural	ꜥw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥ  

ꜥ	ꜥ	ꜥ	ꜥwj	ꜥ
	[Pyramid Texts]	[Late Egyptian]	[Late Egyptian]	[Greco-Roman Period]
		in the sense ‘state’	in the sense ‘state’

Derived terms

• ꜣwj-ꜥ
• ꜣwt-ꜥ
• ꜥwj
• ꜥ-mḥtj
• ꜥ n ḥr
• ꜥ n snṯr
• ꜥ-rsj
• p.f-ṯꜣw-ꜥwj-bꜣstt
• m-ꜥ
• m wḥm ꜥ
• nḫt-ꜥ
• nt-ꜥ
• r ꜥ
• rnpt-mḏd-ꜥ
• ḥꜣtj-ꜥ
• ḥꜣt-ꜥ
• ḥr ꜥ
• ḥr ꜥwj
• ḥrw-ꜥ
• ẖrj-ꜥ
• ẖrt-ꜥ
• st-ꜥ
• qꜣ-ꜥ
• tpj ꜥ
• tp ꜥ
• ḏr ꜥ

 

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥ (“state, condition”)
• Demotic: ⁠ (ꜥ.wy, “arms, portion, pair”)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi, “pair, couple”)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi, “pair, couple”)

Compounded with nj (“of”):

• ⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- (an-, collective numeral prefix; place-name prefix)
• ⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- (an-, collective numeral prefix; place-name prefix)

See also

• 𓂝

Noun

 m

1. official document, register, record [since the Pyramid Texts]
2. certificate, deed, warrant [since the Pyramid Texts]

Inflection

Declension of ꜥ (masculine)

singular	ꜥ
dual	ꜥwj
plural	ꜥw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥ  

ꜥ

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑː/
  • Conventional anglicization: a

Noun

 m

1. dyke [Middle Kingdom to 18th Dynasty]

Inflection

Declension of ꜥ (masculine)

singular	ꜥ
dual	ꜥwj
plural	ꜥw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥ  

ꜥ

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥ.t

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑː/
  • Conventional anglicization: a

Noun

 m

1. (chiefly Late Egyptian) wooden shaft, particularly as a carriage pole or drawbar

Inflection

Declension of ꜥ (masculine)

singular	ꜥ
dual	ꜥwj
plural	ꜥw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥ  

ꜥ

Etymology 4

From earlier (ꜥt, “room”), or else a formation from the same root.

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑː/
  • Conventional anglicization: a

Noun

 m

1. house [Late Period]

Inflection

Declension of ꜥ (masculine)

singular	ꜥ
dual	ꜥwj
plural	ꜥw

Descendants

• Demotic: ⁠⁠ (ꜥ.wy, “house”)
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi), ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)
  • Old Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲏⲓ (ēi), ⲏⲉⲓ (ēei)

References

• “ꜥ (lemma ID 34360)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “ꜥ (lemma ID 34410)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[2], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “ꜥ (lemma ID 34390)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[3], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “ꜥ (lemma ID 34460)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[4], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[5], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 156.1–157.10, 157.14–158.12, 158.19–159.1, 159.3, 159.7, 159.15
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 36