Appendix:Hungarian verbs whose past forms coincide with the present forms of another verb
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The following homonymous verb forms can be compared to words like bore, bound, fell, found, ground, lay, rent, saw, shore, smelt, trod, or wound in English, as they have a present (lemma) and a past (non-lemma) sense as well.
Notes[edit]
- If a linking vowel directly follows the stem, it is often a half-closed vowel (o or ö), but if a vowel follows a past-tense suffix, it has to be a half-open vowel (a or e). Hence, váltok, váltom, váltotok, szántok, szántom, szántotok, bántok, bántom, bántotok, robbantok, robbantom, robbantotok as well as öltök, öltöm, öltötök, köszöntök, köszöntöm, and köszöntötök derive from a verb ending in -t and they are in the present tense. On the other hand, váltak, váltam, váltatok, szántak, szántam, szántatok, bántak, bántam, bántatok, robbantak, robbantam, robbantatok as well as öltek, öltem, öltetek, köszöntek, köszöntem, and köszöntetek derive from a verb without a -t ending, instead, they have the -t of the past tense.
- Lobban and lobbant, koccan and koccant, puffan and puffant, durran and durrant, loccsan and loccsant, roppan and roppant, koppan and koppant, villan and villant, csillan and csillant, kottyan and kottyant, buggyan and buggyant, lebben and lebbent, biccen and biccent, döbben and döbbent, hökken and hökkent, zökken and zökkent, bökken and bökkent, serken and serkent, billen and billent, zörren and zörrent, cseppen and cseppent, fröccsen and fröccsent, retten and rettent, csörren and csörrent, rezzen and rezzent, löttyen and löttyent, freccsen and freccsent have the same intransitive-transitive (or reflexive-active) relation as robban and robbant or csökken and csökkent above. Dobban and dobbant, horkan and horkant, pukkan and pukkant, vakkan and vakkant only have the coincidence in terms of form, without a transitive member within the pair. Most of these verbs are onomatopoeic in nature.
- In pronunciation, some past-tense forms of folyik are homophonous with some present-tense forms of fojt, but not in writing (folyt and fojt, folytunk and fojtunk). Similarly, kiállt and kiálltunk (past-tense forms of kiáll) sound the same as kiált amd kiáltunk (present-tense forms of kiált), as a long consonant becomes short before another consonant in Hungarian pronunciation, but the spelling is different.
- The third-person singular indefinite past tense of ír ’to write’, i.e. írt, almost coincides with irt ’to exterminate’ (except for vowel length), but it may actually sound short in casual speech, especially with verbal prefixes.
Similar cases within the past tense, due to the causative[edit]
Basic verb form | Ambiguous past forms | Causative verb form, ending in -et |
Past form of the former verb |
Past form of the latter verb |
---|---|---|---|---|
(meg)ért ’understand’ | megértettem, megértettél, megértettünk, megértettetek, megértettek; megértetted, megértette, megértettük, megértettétek, megértették |
megértet ‘make sb understand sth’ |
megértett | megértetett |
sejt ’suspect’ | sejtettem, sejtettél, sejtettünk, sejtettetek, sejtettek; sejtetted, sejtette, sejtettük, sejtettétek, sejtették |
sejtet ‘hint at sth, make sb suspect sth’ |
sejtett | sejtetett |
vet ‘throw, cast; sow’ also: megvet, felvet etc. |
vetettem, vetettél, vetettünk, vetettetek, vetettek; vetetted, vetette, vetettük, vetettétek, vetették |
vetet ‘make sb buy sth’ (megvetet, felvetet etc. are causative verbs whose meanings derive from the basic form) |
vetett | vetetett |
It can occur with other front-vowel causative verbs as well, as shown by the examples. | ||||
illik ‘suit, match’ | illettem, illettél, illettünk, illettetek, illettek | illet ‘concern’ (Note: This verb is not causative.) |
illett | illetett |
Most forms of back-vowel causative verbs are distinguished from their counterparts by their linking vowel. | ||||
Basic verb form | Ambiguous past form | Causative verb form, ending in -at |
Past form of the former verb |
Past form of the latter verb |
szán ‘pity’ | szántatok | szántat ‘make sb plow sth’ |
szánt | szántatott |
válik ‘àbecome’ | váltatok | váltat ‘make sb exchange sth’ |
vált | váltatott |
Similar cases within the present tense[edit]
Basic verb form | Ambiguous present form(s), in second-person plural or first-person singular |
Basic verb form, ending in -t |
---|---|---|
vesz ‘take; buy’ | vesztek | veszt~veszít ’lose’ |