кошмар

Bulgarian

Etymology

Borrowed from French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcō (“to trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). See cauchemar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [koʃˈmar]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ar

Noun

кошма́р • (košmár) m (relational adjective кошма́рен)

1. nightmare

Declension

Declension of кошма́р

	singular	plural
indefinite	кошма́р košmár	кошма́ри košmári
definite (subject form)	кошма́рят košmárjat	кошма́рите košmárite
definite (object form)	кошма́ря košmárja
count form	—	кошма́ря košmárja

References

• “кошмар”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “кошмар”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Macedonian

Etymology

Borrowed from French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcare (“to trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). See cauchemar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkɔʃmar]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

кошмар • (košmar) m (plural кошмари, relational adjective кошмарен)

1. nightmare
2. (figurative) shock
3. chaos, disarray

Declension

Declension of кошмар

	singular	plural
indefinite	кошмар (košmar)	кошмари (košmari)
definite unspecified	кошмарот (košmarot)	кошмарите (košmarite)
definite proximal	кошмаров (košmarov)	кошмариве (košmarive)
definite distal	кошмарон (košmaron)	кошмарине (košmarine)
vocative	кошмару (košmaru)	кошмари (košmari)
count form	—	кошмара (košmara)

Pannonian Rusyn

Etymology

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian кошмар / košmar, from French cauchemar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkɔʃmar]
• Rhymes: -ɔʃmar
• Hyphenation: кош‧мар

Noun

кошмар (košmar) m inan (relational adjective кошмарни)

1. (also figurative) nightmare

Declension

Declension of кошмар (košmar)

	singular	plural
nominative	кошмар (košmar)	кошмари (košmari)
genitive	кошмара / кошмару (košmara / košmaru)	кошмарох (košmarox)
dative	кошмару (košmaru)	кошмаром (košmarom)
accusative	кошмар (košmar)	кошмари (košmari)
instrumental	кошмаром (košmarom)	кошмарами (košmarami)
locative	кошмару (košmaru)	кошмарох (košmarox)
vocative	кошмару (košmaru)	кошмари (košmari)

References

• Medʹeši, H.; Fejsa, M.; Timko-Djitko, O. (2010), “кошмар”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy, page 394
• Fejsa, M.; Šlemender, M.; Čelʹovski, S. (2022), “nightmare”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 189

Russian

Alternative forms

• кошма́ръ (košmár) — pre-1918 spelling

Etymology

Connected to French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcare (“to trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). See cauchemar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɐʂˈmar]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ar

Noun

кошма́р • (košmár) m inan (genitive кошма́ра, nominative plural кошма́ры, genitive plural кошма́ров, relational adjective кошма́рный)

1. nightmare
2. (figuratively) disaster, horror (something extremely unpleasant)

   Synonyms: у́жас (úžas), пизде́ц (pizdéc) (vulgar), абза́ц (abzác) (euphemistic)

Declension

Declension of кошма́р (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	кошма́р košmár	кошма́ры košmáry
genitive	кошма́ра košmára	кошма́ров košmárov
dative	кошма́ру košmáru	кошма́рам košmáram
accusative	кошма́р košmár	кошма́ры košmáry
instrumental	кошма́ром košmárom	кошма́рами košmárami
prepositional	кошма́ре košmáre	кошма́рах košmárax

Derived terms

• кошма́рный (košmárnyj)

Descendants

• → Belarusian: кашмар (kašmar)
• → Georgian: კოშმარი (ḳošmari), კაშმარი (ḳašmari) (nonstandard)
• → Kazakh: кошмар (koşmar)

Interjection

кошма́р • (košmár)

1. it's terrible!

   Synonym: у́жас (úžas)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcare (“to trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). See cauchemar.

Noun

ко̏шма̄р m inan (Latin spelling kȍšmār)

1. nightmare
2. incubus

Declension

Declension of кошмар

	singular	plural
nominative	кошмар	кошмари
genitive	кошмара	кошмара
dative	кошмару	кошмарима
accusative	кошмар	кошмаре
vocative	кошмару	кошмари
locative	кошмару	кошмарима
instrumental	кошмаром	кошмарима

Ukrainian

Etymology

Borrowed from French cauchemar, from Middle French cauchemare, from Old French cauquemare. First element from Latin calcare (“to trample, tread on”); second element from Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit, nightmare”), from Proto-Germanic *marǭ (“nightmare, incubus”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɔʃˈmar]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

кошма́р • (košmár) m inan (genitive кошма́ру, nominative plural кошма́ри, genitive plural кошма́рів, relational adjective кошма́рний)

1. nightmare

Declension

Declension of кошма́р
(inan hard masc-form accent-a)

	singular	plural
nominative	кошма́р košmár	кошма́ри košmáry
genitive	кошма́ру košmáru	кошма́рів košmáriv
dative	кошма́рові, кошма́ру košmárovi, košmáru	кошма́рам košmáram
accusative	кошма́р košmár	кошма́ри košmáry
instrumental	кошма́ром košmárom	кошма́рами košmáramy
locative	кошма́рі košmári	кошма́рах košmárax
vocative	кошма́ре košmáre	кошма́ри košmáry

Further reading

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “кошмар”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2025), “кошмар”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–15 (а – п'ять), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
• “кошмар”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horox – Slovozmina, Horokh – Inflection]‎^[1]
• “кошмар”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
• “кошмар”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua, Slovnyk.ua]‎^[2]