Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/mer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*mer- (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to die
to disappear

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *mer- (die) (46 c, 0 e)

*mér-t ~ *m̥r-ént (root aorist)^[5]
*mr̥-yé-tor (ye-present)^[6]^[7]
*mer-s- (sigmatic aorist)^[8]
- Old Armenian: մեռանիմ (meṙanim)
  - Armenian: մեռնել (meṙnel)
*mor-éye-ti (“to kill”, causative)
*me-mór-e ~ *me-mr-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamā́ra
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamā́ra
    - Sanskrit: ममार (mamā́ra)
*mér-ti-s ~ *mr̥-téy-s (“death”)^[7]^[9]^[10]
- ⇒? *mr̥-ti-u-s
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tyúš (see there for further descendants)
*mór-o-^[11]^[12]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *marás
  - Lithuanian: mãras
  - Proto-Slavic: *morъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *marǭ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́ras
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́ras
    - Sanskrit: मार (mā́ra)
*mr̥-tós (“dead”)
*mr̥-tu-ós or *mr̥-t-wós (“dead”)^[7]
*mŕ̥-trom (instrumental)
- Proto-Germanic: *murþrą (see there for further descendants)
*mr̥-wós (“dead”)^[13]
- Proto-Celtic: *marwos (see there for further descendants)
*mór-to-s (“mortal, man”)^[14]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μορτός (mortós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mártas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mártas
    - Sanskrit: मर्त (márta)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (mar^əta)

Compounds:

*m(o)r-bʰ(h₂)-o- (“looking like death?”)^[15]
- Proto-Italic: *morfos
  - Latin: morbus (“disease”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *merusa
- Albanian: mërshë (“rotting corpse”)
Proto-Iranian:
- Gurani: مەردەی (marday)
- Khotanese: [script needed] (mär-)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: mirin
  
  Central Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)
  
  Southern Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)
  
  Laki: مردن (mirdin)
- Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠mar-⁠/)
  - Middle Persian: [script needed] (myr /⁠mīr-⁠/)
    - Persian: مردن (mordan)
      - Tajik: мурдан (murdan)
- Parthian: [Term?] (/⁠myr⁠/)
- Zazaki: merden

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: मृ (mṛ)
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭- (mar-)

Root

*mer-

sea, lake, wetland

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *mer- (sea) (17 c, 0 e)

*mór-i (“sea,wetland”)
*mreg-

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “mer-, merə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 735
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*mer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 439-440
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*mer-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 488-491
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*mer-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 150
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “mer-^zi / mar-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 667-668
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “morior, morī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 389-390
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 463
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sъmьrtь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 480-481
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “mirtis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 321
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*morь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 326
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “maras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*marwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 259
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μορτός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 969
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “morbus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “mer-, merə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 735

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*mer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 439-440

[3] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*mer-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 488-491

[4] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*mer-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 150

[5] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “mer-^zi / mar-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 667-668

[6] Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[DV-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “morior, morī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 389-390

[8] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 463

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sъmьrtь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 480-481

[10] Derksen, Rick (2015), “mirtis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 321

[11] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*morь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 326

[12] Derksen, Rick (2015), “maras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305

[13] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*marwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 259

[14] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μορτός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 969

[15] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “morbus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389

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