ἰός

See also: ιός, Ίος, and -ιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hellenic *ihwós, a thematicization of Proto-Indo-European *(H)isu- (“arrow”). Cognates include Sanskrit इषु (íṣu, “arrow”) and Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬎 (išu, “arrow”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /iː.ós/ → /iˈos/ → /iˈos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

1. arrow
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.48:

     ἕζετ᾿ ἔπειτ᾿ ἀπάνευθε νεῶν, μετὰ δ᾿ ἰὸν ἕηκε

     Then he sat down apart from the ships and let fly an arrow.

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Heteroclitic neuter plural:

Second declension of τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́; τῶν ῑ̓ῶν (Attic)

Case / #	Plural
Nominative	τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́ tà īá
Genitive	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́ tà īá
Vocative	ῑ̓ᾰ́ īá
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἰαφέτης (iaphétēs)
• ἰοβόλος (iobólos)
• ἰοδόκος (iodókos)
• ἰοτυπής (iotupḗs)
• ἰοχέαιρα (iokhéaira)

 

Etymology 2

From Proto-Hellenic *wihós, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Cognates include Sanskrit विष (víṣa), Latin vīrus, Tocharian A wäs, and Tocharian B wase.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /iː.ós/ → /iˈos/ → /iˈos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

1. poison, venom
   • καὶ μὴ τυχοῦσαι πράγματος νικηφόρου, χώρᾳ μεταῦθις ἰὸς ἐκ φρονημάτων πέδοι πεσὼν ἄφερτος αἰανὴς νόσος :

     And if they fail to win their cause, the venom from their resentment will fall upon the ground, an intolerable, perpetual plague afterwards in the land.

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἰοβόλος (iobólos)
• ἰοβόρος (iobóros)
• ἰοδόκος (iodókos)
• ἰοειδής (ioeidḗs)
• ἰόεις (ióeis)
• ἰολόχευτος (iolókheutos)
• ἰομιγής (iomigḗs)
• ἰοτόκος (iotókos)
• ἰοφόρος (iophóros)
• ἰοχέαιρα (iokhéaira)
• ἰώδης (iṓdēs)

 

Descendants

• Greek: ιός m (iós, “venom”)

Etymology 3

Uncertain. May be of the same origin as Etymology 2.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /iː.ós/ → /iˈos/ → /iˈos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

1. rust, verdigris
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 609a:

     κακὸν ἑκάστῳ τι καὶ ἀγαθὸν λέγεις; οῖον ὀφθαλμοῖς ὀφθαλμίαν […] χαλκῷ δὲ καὶ σιδήρῳ ἰόν

     kakòn hekástōi ti kaì agathòn légeis? oîon ophthalmoîs ophthalmían […] khalkôi dè kaì sidḗrōi ión

     Do you say that there is for everything its special good and evil, as for the eyes ophthalmia […] and for bronze and iron rust?

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἰάζω (iázō)
• ἰίζω (iízō)
• ἰόομαι (ióomai)
• ἰοποίησις (iopoíēsis)
• ἰώδης (iṓdēs)

 

Etymology 4

Expansion of original feminine-only pronoun ἴᾱ (íā), from *(h₁)éy.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /i.ós/ → /iˈos/ → /iˈos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /i.ós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Adjective

ἰός • (iós) m (feminine ῐ̓́ᾰ, neuter ῐ̓όν); first/second declension

1. selfsame; identical

Inflection

First and second declension of ῐ̓ός; ῐ̓́ᾰ; ῐ̓όν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ῐ̓ός iós	ῐ̓́ᾰ ía	ῐ̓όν ión		ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ		ῐ̓οί ioí	ῐ̓αί iaí	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Genitive		ῐ̓οῦ ioû	ῐ̓ᾶς iâs	ῐ̓οῦ ioû		ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓αῖν iaîn	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn		ῐ̓ῶν iôn	ῐ̓ῶν iôn	ῐ̓ῶν iôn
Dative		ῐ̓ῷ iôi	ῐ̓ᾷ iâi	ῐ̓ῷ iôi		ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓αῖν iaîn	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn		ῐ̓οῖς ioîs	ῐ̓αῖς iaîs	ῐ̓οῖς ioîs
Accusative		ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓́ᾰν ían	ῐ̓όν ión		ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ		ῐ̓ούς ioús	ῐ̓ᾱ́ς iā́s	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Vocative		ῐ̓έ ié	ῐ̓́ᾰ ía	ῐ̓όν ión		ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ		ῐ̓οί ioí	ῐ̓αί iaí	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ῐ̓ῶς iôs				ῐ̓ώτερος iṓteros				ῐ̓ώτᾰτος iṓtatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Further reading

• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἰός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἰός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• ἰός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ἰός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G2447 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • arrow idem, page 42.
  • bane idem, page 61.
  • bolt idem, page 88.
  • decay idem, page 199.
  • poison idem, page 624.
  • rot idem, page 721.
  • rust idem, page 728.
  • shaft idem, page 760.
  • venom idem, page 947.