刻苦
Chinese
quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve; to engrave; to cut; oppressive |
bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (刻苦) | 刻 | 苦 | |
simp. #(刻苦) | 刻 | 苦 |
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hak1 fu2
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khek-khó͘ / khiak-khó͘
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˋ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kèkǔ
- Wade–Giles: kʻo4-kʻu3
- Yale: kè-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kehkuu
- Palladius: кэку (kɛku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɤ⁵¹ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: hak1 fu2
- Yale: hāk fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: hak7 fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: heg1 fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐk̚⁵ fuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiak-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: khiak-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: qiakqor
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
Adjective
(deprecated template usage) 刻苦
- industrious; assiduous; diligent
- (of life) basic; frugal
Synonyms
- (industrious):
- 亹亹 (wěiwěi) (literary)
- 力落 (lag8 loh8) (Teochew)
- 努力 (nǔlì)
- 勤力 (qínlì) (literary or Cantonese)
- 勤勉 (qínmiǎn)
- 勤勞/勤劳 (qínláo)
- 勤奮/勤奋 (qínfèn)
- 勤快 (qínkuài) (informal)
- 勤懇/勤恳 (qínkěn) (diligent and conscientious)
- 勤謹/勤谨 (Dungan)
- 堅苦/坚苦 (jiānkǔ) (hardworking and persevering)
- 巴劫 (bājié) (literary)
- 巴巴結結/巴巴结结 (bāba-jiējiē) (regional)
- 急計/急计 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 用功 (yònggōng)
- 發狠/发狠 (fa3 hen6) (Xiang)
- 耐勞/耐劳 (nàiláo)
- 骨力 (Hokkien, Puxian Min)
Antonyms
Adverb
(deprecated template usage) 刻苦
Japanese
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
刻 | 苦 |
こく > こっ Grade: 6 |
く Grade: 3 |
on’yomi |
Noun
Verb
刻苦する • (kokku suru) suru (stem 刻苦し (kokku shi), past 刻苦した (kokku shita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "刻苦する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 刻苦し | こっくし | kokku shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 刻苦し | こっくし | kokku shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 刻苦する | こっくする | kokku suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 刻苦する | こっくする | kokku suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 刻苦すれ | こっくすれ | kokku sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 刻苦せよ¹ 刻苦しろ² |
こっくせよ¹ こっくしろ² |
kokku seyo¹ kokku shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 刻苦される | こっくされる | kokku sareru | |
Causative | 刻苦させる 刻苦さす |
こっくさせる こっくさす |
kokku saseru kokku sasu | |
Potential | 刻苦できる | こっくできる | kokku dekiru | |
Volitional | 刻苦しよう | こっくしよう | kokku shiyō | |
Negative | 刻苦しない | こっくしない | kokku shinai | |
Negative continuative | 刻苦せず | こっくせず | kokku sezu | |
Formal | 刻苦します | こっくします | kokku shimasu | |
Perfective | 刻苦した | こっくした | kokku shita | |
Conjunctive | 刻苦して | こっくして | kokku shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 刻苦すれば | こっくすれば | kokku sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Categories:
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- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese terms spelled with 刻 read as こく
- Japanese terms spelled with 苦 read as く
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- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
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