強い

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
つよ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Found in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] In turn from Proto-Japonic *tuyo. Cognate with Miyako (つー, tsū), Okinawan 強ーさん (ちゅーさん, chūsan).

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of "強い"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 強く よく
[tsúꜜyòkù]
[tsùyóꜜkù]
Terminal (終止形) 強い [tsùyóꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 強い [tsùyóꜜì]
Key constructions
Informal negative 強くない よくない
くない
[tsúꜜyòkùnàì]
[tsùyóꜜkùnàì]
Informal past 強かった よかった
かった
[tsúꜜyòkàttà]
[tsùyóꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 強くなかった よくなかった
くなかった
[tsúꜜyòkùnàkàttà]
[tsùyóꜜkùnàkàttà]
Formal 強いです いです [tsùyóꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 強くて よくて
くて
[tsúꜜyòkùtè]
[tsùyóꜜkùtè]
Conditional 強ければ よければ
ければ
[tsúꜜyòkèrèbà]
[tsùyóꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

(つよ) (tsuyoi-i (adverbial (つよ) (tsuyoku))

  1. strong, durable, powerful
    • 2006 April 15, Nobuyuki Anzai, “[AKT](アクト).[139](ひゃくさんじゅうきゅう)/ ウォーゲーム[最](さい)[終](しゅう)[決](けっ)[戦](せん) アラン[VS](バーサス).ハロウィン[②](に) [Akt 139: War Games Final Battle: Alan vs. Halloween #2]”, in (deprecated template usage) MÄR(メル) MÄRCHEN AWAKENS ROMANCE (MÄR(メル) MÄRCHEN AWAKENS ROMANCE) [MÄR: Märchen Awakens Romance], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 153:
      (よわ)(やつ)(つよ)(やつ)()(せい)になるのは(ひつ)(ぜん)なんだ
      Yowai yatsu ga tsuyoi yatsu no gisei ni naru no wa hitsuzen nan da
      It’s inevitable that the weak become sacrifices for the strong
Inflection
Antonyms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
こわ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Nihon Shoki, c. CE 720.

Cognate with 怖い (kowai, scary, frightening), apparently from the sense of freezing from fright.[1][2] Likely also cognate with other terms beginning with ko- and related to senses of hard, stiff, such as 凝る (koru, to stiffen), 凍ゆ (koyu, to freeze, to become frozen, classical) → modern 凍える (kogoeru).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

(こわ) (kowaiこはい (kofai)?-i (adverbial (こわ) (kowaku))

  1. hard, tough, stiff
  2. stubborn
Inflection

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN