越える
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Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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越 |
こ Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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超える 踰える |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese 越ゆ (koyu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "越える"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
越える | こえる | [kòérú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 越えよ | こえよ | [kòéꜜyò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 越えられる | こえられる | [kòérárérú] |
Causative | 越えさせる | こえさせる | [kòésásérú] |
Potential | 越えられる | こえられる | [kòérárérú] |
Volitional | 越えよう | こえよー | [kòéyóꜜò] |
Negative | 越えない | こえない | [kòénáí] |
Negative perfective | 越えなかった | こえなかった | [kòénáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 越えます | こえます | [kòémáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 越えた | こえた | [kòétá] |
Conjunctive | 越えて | こえて | [kòété] |
Hypothetical conditional | 越えれば | こえれば | [kòéréꜜbà] |
Verb
[edit]越える • (koeru) transitive ichidan (stem 越え (koe), past 越えた (koeta))
- to exceed, to go over, to be more than, to cross
- 限界を越える
- genkai o koeru
- to exceed boundaries/limits
- 10%を超える
- 10% o koeru
- to go over ten percent
- 限界を越える
- to surpass, to excel
- 予想を超える
- yosō o koeru
- to surpass expectations
- 先輩を超える
- senpai o koeru
- to surpass a senior
- 予想を超える
- to transcend
- 時を越える
- toki o koeru
- to transcend time
- 時を越える
Usage notes
[edit]The verb is variously written as 越える or 超える. In the senses “to go over, to cross”, 越える may be more common, while 超える may be more common in the sense “to surpass”.[2] The form 踰える is rare and perhaps obsolete, though it is attested as recently as 1890.[3]
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "越える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 越え | こえ | koe | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 越え | こえ | koe | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 越える | こえる | koeru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 越える | こえる | koeru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 越えれ | こえれ | koere | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 越えよ¹ 越えろ² |
こえよ¹ こえろ² |
koeyo¹ koero² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 越えられる | こえられる | koerareru | |
Causative | 越えさせる 越えさす |
こえさせる こえさす |
koesaseru koesasu | |
Potential | 越えられる 越えれる³ |
こえられる こえれる³ |
koerareru koereru³ | |
Volitional | 越えよう | こえよう | koeyō | |
Negative | 越えない 越えぬ 越えん |
こえない こえぬ こえん |
koenai koenu koen | |
Negative continuative | 越えず | こえず | koezu | |
Formal | 越えます | こえます | koemasu | |
Perfective | 越えた | こえた | koeta | |
Conjunctive | 越えて | こえて | koete | |
Hypothetical conditional | 越えれば | こえれば | koereba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 2004. “こえる2” in Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, fifth edition. Tokyo: Kenkyūsha.
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 越 read as こ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
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- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese type 2 verbs
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