限る
Appearance
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 限 |
| かぎ Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712.[1]
Further derivation is uncertain.
While a surface analysis might suggest a relation to 鍵 (kagi, “key”) or its cognate 鉤 (kagi, “lock”), Japanese references do not make such a connection.[1][2][3] In addition, the oldest uses of derived noun 限り (kagiri, “limitation, bound, extent”) indicate that the initial sense was one of "limitation" in terms of time, in contrast to 極み (kiwami, “limitation, bound, extent”) in terms of space.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 限る
| Plain | 限る | かぎる | [kàgíꜜrù] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 限って | かぎって | [kàgíꜜttè] |
| Perfective | 限った | かぎった | [kàgíꜜttà] |
| Negative | 限らない | かぎらない | [kàgíráꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 限らなかった | かぎらなかった | [kàgíráꜜnàkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 限れば | かぎれば | [kàgíꜜrèbà] |
| Past conditional | 限ったら | かぎったら | [kàgíꜜttàrà] |
| Imperative | 限れ | かぎれ | [kàgíꜜrè] |
| Volitional | 限ろう | かぎろー | [kàgíróꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 限りたい | かぎりたい | [kàgírítáꜜì] |
| Formal | 限ります | かぎります | [kàgírímáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 限りません | かぎりません | [kàgírímáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 限りましょう | かぎりましょー | [kàgírímáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 限りました | かぎりました | [kàgírímáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 限り 限りに |
かぎり かぎりに |
[kàgíꜜrì] [kàgíꜜrì nì] |
| Negative continuative | 限らず 限らずに |
かぎらず かぎらずに |
[kàgíráꜜzù] [kàgíráꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 限られる | かぎられる | [kàgíráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 限らせる 限らす |
かぎらせる かぎらす |
[kàgíráséꜜrù] [kàgíráꜜsù] |
| Potential | 限れる | かぎれる | [kàgíréꜜrù] |
Verb
[edit]限る • (kagiru) transitive godan (stem 限り (kagiri), past 限った (kagitta))
- to limit, to restrict
- be limited to, be restricted to
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 限ら | かぎら | kagira |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 限り | かぎり | kagiri |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 限る | かぎる | kagiru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 限る | かぎる | kagiru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 限れ | かぎれ | kagire |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 限れ | かぎれ | kagire |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 限られる | かぎられる | kagirareru |
| Causative | 限らせる 限らす |
かぎらせる かぎらす |
kagiraseru kagirasu |
| Potential | 限れる | かぎれる | kagireru |
| Volitional | 限ろう | かぎろう | kagirō |
| Negative | 限らない | かぎらない | kagiranai |
| Negative continuative | 限らず | かぎらず | kagirazu |
| Formal | 限ります | かぎります | kagirimasu |
| Perfective | 限った | かぎった | kagitta |
| Conjunctive | 限って | かぎって | kagitte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 限れば | かぎれば | kagireba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 限ら | かぎら | kagira |
| Continuative (連用形) | 限り | かぎり | kagiri |
| Terminal (終止形) | 限る | かぎる | kagiru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 限る | かぎる | kagiru |
| Realis (已然形) | 限れ | かぎれ | kagire |
| Imperative (命令形) | 限れ | かぎれ | kagire |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 限らず | かぎらず | kagirazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 限れど | かぎれど | kagiredo |
| Causal conjunction | 限れば | かぎれば | kagireba |
| Conditional conjunction | 限らば | かぎらば | kagiraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 限りき | かぎりき | kagiriki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 限りけり | かぎりけり | kagirikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 限りつ | かぎりつ | kagiritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 限りぬ | かぎりぬ | kagirinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 限れり 限りたり |
かぎれり かぎりたり |
kagireri kagiritari |
| Volitional | 限らむ | かぎらむ | kagiramu |
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “限”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “限る”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- “限る”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 限 read as かぎ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -iru
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji