-um-
Esperanto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Interfix
[edit]-um-
- related in an unspecified way. A lexical affix with no fixed meaning or part of speech.[1]
- brako (“arm”) → brakumi (“to hug”)
- dekstra (“right”) → dekstruma (“clockwise”)
- komuna (“common”) → komunumo (“community”)
- mondo (“world”) → mondumo (“high society”)
- proksima (“near”) → proksimume (“approximately”)
- kruco (“cross”) → krucumi (“to crucify”)
- kolo (“neck”) → kolumo (“collar”)
- sankcio (“official approval”) → sankciumo (“a coercive measure”)
Usage notes
[edit]Because meanings of words derived with this affix cannot be predicted, each derivation requires a separate dictionary entry. The part of speech is specific to each coining, and not inherent in either the affix or the stem to which it is attached.
Among other uses:
- With body parts, -um- may signify a related piece of clothing: kolumo, manumo, plandumo, nazumo, hufumo. Or it may signify an action using that body part: brakumi, palpebrumi, okulumi.
- With things used to kill people, -um- may signify a method of execution: gasumi, ŝtonumi, krucumi.
- With numbers, -um- may signify a numeric base: duuma, okuma, dekuma.
- With things enjoyed at leisure, -um- may signify a leisure activity: butikumi, fumumi, bierumi, esperantumi.
This affix should be used with care when wanting to create new words, because they would likely not be understood by most speakers because of its unpredictable meaning.
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “-um”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
- “-um”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026
Hiligaynon
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.
Infix
[edit]-um-
- an agent trigger infix
Ido
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-um-
- suffix to be used only in specific cases where the meaning is also specified
Usage notes
[edit]The suffix -um- has an indeterminate meaning. The derivations of this suffix is only made by the Language Committee of Ido. It forms derivation, of which the meaning has an indefinite relation with the idea expressed by the prime root. The link which remain between them helps with the memorization, but, when one doesn't know the meaning of the derivation, only the lexicon can surely provide it.[1] There exists only a total of 30 words with this suffix in Ido.
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ “KGD”, in Kompleta gramatiko detaloza[1] (in Ido), 23 December 2015 (last accessed), archived from the original on 27 January 2012
Ilocano
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Infix
[edit]-um- (perfective -imm-, progressive CumVC-, nominalized gerund iCV-, nominalized locative neutral -um- -an, nominalized locative perfective -imm- -an, nominalized frequentative CumV-)
- When placed before the first vowel, forms intransitive, actor focus verbs
- antonym of ag-: implies the action is of less duration or singular
- implies the possibility of the action to take place
- (locative) indicates residents or inhabitants of a place
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (2000), “-um-”, in Byron W. Bender, editor, Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar: Ilocano-English, English-Ilocano[2] (overall work in English and Ilocano), Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 396
Kankanaey
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Infix
[edit]-um-
- alternative spelling of -om-
Nias
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.
Infix
[edit]-um-
- intransitive verb affix
- (southern) inflectional affix marking irrealis mood with transitive verbs
Old Javanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.
Infix
[edit]-um-
- active verb
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Tagalog
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /um/ [ʊm]
- Syllabification: -um-
Infix
[edit]-um- (Baybayin spelling ᜓᜋ᜔)
- actor trigger: to do something
- Kumain ako.
- I ate. (I is focused.)
- no trigger: expresses natural phenomena
- Lumindol kanina.
- An earthquake occurred earlier. (Nothing is focused.)
- actor trigger: to become or get
- Parang pumayat si Gloria.
- It looks like Gloria got thinner. (Gloria is focused.)
- actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
- Kumakain-kain ako pag wala akong magagawa.
- I eat a little bit when I have nothing to do. (I is focused.)
Usage notes
[edit]- The affix mag- is usually used for verbs which involve an exterior object, whereas um- is used for verbs which don't.
- Nagtanong ako sa guro. ― I asked the teacher.
- Umalis na ako. ― I already left.
- Mag- is also used for deliberate actions, while um- can be used for involuntary actions.
- Lumalaki ang bata. ― The child is growing.
- Some words can also change meaning if either one of them is used.
- Historically, the affix had the variant -im-, that is used when affixed to words that have /i/ as its first vowel. This variant is no longer used in modern Tagalog.
- Tagalog also used to have a separate infix -ungm- (and variant -ingm- before /i/) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes had since fallen out of use in favor of -um-, merging with the infinitive form of the active trigger.
Related terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- Esperanto terms derived from Latin
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto interfixes
- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- Esperanto BRO1
- Hiligaynon terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Hiligaynon terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Hiligaynon terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Hiligaynon terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Hiligaynon lemmas
- Hiligaynon infixes
- Ido terms derived from Esperanto
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Ilocano lemmas
- Ilocano infixes
- Kankanaey 1-syllable words
- Kankanaey terms with IPA pronunciation
- Kankanaey lemmas
- Kankanaey infixes
- Nias terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Nias terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Nias terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Nias terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Nias lemmas
- Nias infixes
- Old Javanese terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Old Javanese terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Old Javanese terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Old Javanese terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Old Javanese lemmas
- Old Javanese infixes
- Tagalog terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Tagalog terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Tagalog terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Tagalog terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Tagalog 1-syllable words
- Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation
- Tagalog lemmas
- Tagalog infixes
- Tagalog terms with Baybayin script
- Tagalog terms with usage examples