Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerH-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʷerH-^[1]

to express approval; praise
to elevate

Derived terms

Template:PIE root see

*gʷérH-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáratay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áratay
    - Sanskrit: जरते (járate)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰáratay
    - Persian: پراچی جر (parāči ǰar-)
*gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-én-ti (nasal-infix present)^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Celtic: *barnati
  - Brythonic: *barnad
    - Middle Breton: barn
    - Middle Welsh: barnu, barnaf
      - Welsh: barnu
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥náHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥náHti
    - Sanskrit: गृणाति (gṛṇā́ti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *gr̥náHti
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (auui gərəṇte)
*gʷr̥H-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *girˀtei
  - Latvian: dzir̃u
  - Lithuanian: gìrti
  - Old Prussian: girtwei
  - Proto-Slavic: *žьrti, *žerti; *žьrtva; *žьrьcь (see there for further descendants)
- *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-é-ti
  - Armenian:
    - Old Armenian: կարդամ (kardam)
  - *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-éye-ti
    - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
      - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
        Sanskrit: गूर्धया (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)
  - *gʷr̥dʰh₁-ó-s^[7]
    - Proto-Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷr̥H-sḱé-ti (zero-grade sḱe-inchoative)^[8]
- Proto-Albanian: *grah
  - Albanian: grah

(perhaps) *gʷerH-os^[9]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gẽras
*gʷérH-tis ~ *gʷr̥H-téy-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htíṣ
    - Sanskrit: गूर्ति (gūrtí)
- Proto-Italic: *grātis
  - Latin: grātēs
  - Oscan: brateis, 𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (brateís), βρατηις (bratēis), β[ρα]ιτηισ (b[ra]itēis)
  - Paelignian: brat, brais
  - Vestinian: brat
*gʷérH-tus ~ *gʷr̥H-téw-^[10]^[11]
- Proto-Celtic: *brātus
  - Brythonic:
    - Middle Breton: breut
      - Breton: breud
    - Cornish: bres
    - Old Welsh: brauth
      - Middle Welsh: brawd, brodiau
  - Old Irish: bráth
  - Gaulish: βρατου
- Proto-Italic: *grātu-
  - Latin: grātuītus
*gʷorH-eh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garā́ˀ (“forest”)
  - Lithuanian: girià, gìrė (“forest”) (dialectal)
  - Old Prussian: garian (“tree”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *gora (“mountain, elevation”)
- Ancient Greek: Βορέᾱς (Boréās, “north”)
*gʷorH-no-^[10]^[12]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *gornъ, *gorno^[12]
    - Old Church Slavonic: гранъ (granŭ), грано (grano)
    - Czech: hrany
    - Slovak: hrana
    - Sorbian:
      Upper Sorbian: hrono
      
      Lower Sorbian: grono
*gʷr̥H-tós^[10]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htás
    - Sanskrit: गूर्त (gūrtá)
- Proto-Italic: *grātos^[10]
  - Latin: grātus; grātia, grātiīs/grātīs
  - Oscan: βρατωμ (bratōm)
  - Paelignian: bratom

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 478-479
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57–58
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “gìrti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 178–179
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 566
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 566
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrьcь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2017–2018) “Chapter XI: Celtic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Celtic, page 1256
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “grah”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 180
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “geras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grātus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 271-272
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 74–75
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “180”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 179

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 478-479

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57–58

[3] Derksen, Rick (2015) “gìrti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 178–179

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 566

[5] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 566

[6] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrьcь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567

[HCHIEL-7] Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2017–2018) “Chapter XI: Celtic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Celtic, page 1256

[8] Demiraj, B. (1997) “grah”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 180

[9] Derksen, Rick (2015) “geras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173

[DV-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grātus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 271-272

[11] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 74–75

[D_*gornъ,_*gorno-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “180”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 179

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerH-

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Proto-Indo-European

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerH-

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