Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunją

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkun.jɑ̃/

Etymology 1

Nomininalized from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁-yó-m (“begotten, birthed”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, give birth”) +‎ *-yóm.^[1]

Noun

*kunją n^[1]

kin, family, clan

Inflection

Declension of *kunją (neuter ja-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kunją	*kunjō
vocative	*kunją	*kunjō
accusative	*kunją	*kunjō
genitive	kunjas, kunis	*kunjǫ̂
dative	*kunjai	*kunjamaz
instrumental	*kunjō	*kunjamiz

Derived terms

*kuningaz

Related terms

*kinþiz
*knōslą
- Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl
*kuniz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kuni
- Old English: cynn, cyn
  - Middle English: kin, kyn, ken, kun
    - English: kin
    - Scots: kin
- Old Frisian: ken, kenn, kin
  - North Frisian: kinne, kenne
- Old Saxon: kunni, cunni
  - Middle Low German: künne
    - Low German: Künne
- Old Dutch: cunni
  - Middle Dutch: cunne, conne, kunne
    - Dutch: kunne
- Old High German: kunni, chunni
  - Middle High German: künne, konne, kunne
    - German: Künne, Kunne (both obsolete)
Old Norse: kyn
- Icelandic: kyn n
- Faroese: kyn n
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kyn n
- Old Swedish: kyn n
  - Swedish: kön n
- Old Danish: kyn
  - Danish: køn n
  - Norwegian Bokmål: kjønn n
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: kjønn n
Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 (kuni)
→ Proto-Finnic: *kunnija (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 2

Nomininalized from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃-yó-m (“known”), from *ǵneh₃- (“to know”) +‎ *-yóm.^[2]

Noun

*kunją n^[2]

(North Germanic) omen, portent, miracle

Inflection

Declension of *kunją (neuter ja-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kunją	*kunjō
vocative	*kunją	*kunjō
accusative	*kunją	*kunjō
genitive	kunjas, kunis	*kunjǫ̂
dative	*kunjai	*kunjamaz
instrumental	*kunjō	*kunjamiz

Descendants

Old Norse: kyn
- Icelandic: kyn
→ Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)
- Finnish: kone (“machine”)
- Karelian: koneh

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kunja- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 311
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kunja- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 311

[EDPG_1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kunja- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 311

[EDPG_2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kunja- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 311

[1]

[2]