kun

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kun"

English

Etymology

From Japanese 訓読み (kun'yomi), literally "meaning reading" (i.e. pronunciation based on meaning).

Noun

kun (uncountable)

1. In the Japanese language, the pronunciation, or reading, of a kanji character as a native Japanese word that means what the character represents, contrasted with on.

   Most kanji have two kinds of reading, called "on" and "kun".

Related terms

• kun-yomi
• on

Anagrams

• unk.

Bikol Central

Alternative forms

• kung
• kon, kong

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkun/, [ˈkun̪]

Conjunction

kun (Basahan spelling ᜃᜓᜈ᜔)

1. if, unless

   Synonym: komo

   Kun may dudumanon ka, maiba lugod ako saimo.

   If you're going somewhere, I'll come with you then.

Preposition

kun (Basahan spelling ᜃᜓᜈ᜔)

1. when; at (or as soon as) that time that; if

   Synonym: pag

   Kun mabanggi na, nagluluwas man an mga bituon.

   When the night comes, the stars come out also.

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkun]
• Rhymes: -un

Noun

kun

1. genitive plural of kuna

Danish

Etymology

Older ikkun, a contraction of Old Danish ække uten (“nothing but”), from Old Norse ekki (“not”) and útan (“without, except”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkʰɔn]

Adverb

kun

1. only

Synonyms

• blot, ikkun (obsolete)

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʏn/

• Audio

  (file)

Verb

kun

1. second-person singular present indicative of kunnen

   Kun jij iets doen voor mij?

   Can you do something for me?

Usage notes

As is usual in Dutch, the -t is dropped when the pronoun jij / je immediately follows the verb. However, unlike for all other verbs, the form that results is not identical to the first-person singular, which is kan. The form kan is also frequently used, by analogy with regular verbs, but it may be considered nonstandard by some.

Synonyms

• kan

Esperanto

Etymology

Ultimately from Latin cum. Compare Italian con, Spanish con, Portuguese com.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kun]
• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: kun

Preposition

kun

1. in the company of, with
2. in addition to
3. characteristic considered separately from the whole
   • 1961, L. L. Zamenhof, Proverbaro esperanta:

     Vorto dirita en ĝusta tempo estas kiel oraj pomoj kun arĝentaj ŝeloj.

     A word said at the right time is like golden apples with silver skins.

Derived terms

• kun- (“together”)
• kune kun (“along with”)
• kunigi
• kuniĝi
• kunligi

Finnish

Etymology

The singular instructive case of kuka. Originally a lesser used variant of kuin; modern differences between the two were introduced when the language was standardized.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkun/, [ˈkun]
• Rhymes: -un
• Syllabification^(key): kun

Conjunction

kun

1. when, as, while (temporal: at the same time or instant that)

   Sain viestisi, kun olin jo matkalla lentokentälle.

   I got your message when I was already on my way to the airport.

   Hän ilmestyi antamaan ohjeita, kun olin jo saanut työn valmiiksi.

   He showed up to give instructions when I had already finished the job.

2. as soon as, once; expresses that the event of the main clause takes place immediately after that of the subclause, often used with the clitic -han

   Tulen tapaamaan sinua, kun(han) saan tämän valmiiksi.

   I will come to see you as soon as I finish this job.

3. as, because, since (considering that)

   Hän menetti työpaikkansa, kun tuli aina myöhässä.

   She lost her job because she was always late.

   En voi tulla huomenna, minulla kun on aamuvuoro.

   I cannot come tomorrow as I have the morning shift.

4. Short for kunpa.

Derived terms

• ei kun
• kunpa
• silloin kun
• sitten kun
• vittuku
• voi kun

Related terms

• kuin
• kunnes

Pronoun

kun

1. (relative, colloquial) that, who, which, where

   Synonyms: joka, ken

   Täällä on eräs mies, kun haluaisi tavata johtajaa. [standard: Täällä on eräs mies, joka haluaisi tavata johtajaa.]

   There's a certain man here who'd like to see the leader.

   Kuka se on, kun huutaa? [standard: Kuka se on, ken huutaa?]

   Who is that who is shouting?

Further reading

• “kun”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (online dictionary, continuously updated, in Finnish), Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkun]
• Hyphenation: kun
• Rhymes: -un

Noun

kun (plural kunok)

1. Cuman (member of a nomadic Turkic people of central Asia)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	kun	kunok
accusative	kunt	kunokat
dative	kunnak	kunoknak
instrumental	kunnal	kunokkal
causal-final	kunért	kunokért
translative	kunná	kunokká
terminative	kunig	kunokig
essive-formal	kunként	kunokként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	kunban	kunokban
superessive	kunon	kunokon
adessive	kunnál	kunoknál
illative	kunba	kunokba
sublative	kunra	kunokra
allative	kunhoz	kunokhoz
elative	kunból	kunokból
delative	kunról	kunokról
ablative	kuntól	kunoktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	kuné	kunoké
non-attributive possessive - plural	kunéi	kunokéi

Possessive forms of kun
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	kunom	kunjaim
2nd person sing.	kunod	kunjaid
3rd person sing.	kunja	kunjai
1st person plural	kununk	kunjaink
2nd person plural	kunotok	kunjaitok
3rd person plural	kunjuk	kunjaik

Further reading

• kun in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Ido

Preposition

kun

1. with

   Ilu iris kun elu a la parko.

   He went with her to the park.

Japanese

Romanization

kun

1. Rōmaji transcription of くん

Kavalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Hokkien 裙 (kûn, “skirt”).

Noun

kun

1. pants; trousers
2. skirt; sarong

Maltese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kuːn/

Verb

kun

1. second-person singular imperative of kien

Mandarin

Romanization

kun

1. Nonstandard spelling of kūn.
2. Nonstandard spelling of kǔn.
3. Nonstandard spelling of kùn.

Usage notes

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Middle English

Noun

kun

1. Alternative form of kin

Min Nan

Pronunciation

• (Hokkien)
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kun
  • Tâi-lô: kun
  • Phofsit Daibuun: kwn
  • IPA (Xiamen): /kun⁴⁴/
  • IPA (Quanzhou): /kun³³/
  • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kun⁴⁴/
  • IPA (Taipei): /kun⁴⁴/
  • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kun⁴⁴/
• Rhymes: -un

Romanization

1. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 君
2. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 軍／军
3. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 均
4. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 巾
5. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 斤
6. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 根
7. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 筋
8. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 跟
9. Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 鈞／钧

References

• “Query for kun”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Danish kun.

Adverb

kun

1. only, merely

Synonyms

• bare

Nupe

Etymology

Cognate with Gbari knu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kũ̄/

Verb

kun

1. to be enough; to be sufficient

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kun/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -un
• Syllabification: kun

Noun

kun f

1. genitive plural of kuna

Somali

Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *kum-.

Numeral

kun

1. thousand

References

• “kun” In: Abdullah Umar Mansur (1985) Qaamuska Afsoomaliga.

Southeastern Tepehuan

Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *kuna.

Noun

kun (third person singular possession kunaaꞌn)

1. husband

Derived terms

• kuntaꞌ

References

• R. de Willett, Elizabeth, et al. (2016) Diccionario tepehuano de Santa María Ocotán, Durango (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 48)‎^[2] (in Spanish), electronic edition, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 115

Sumerian

Romanization

kun

1. Romanization of 𒆲 (kun)

Uzbek

Other scripts
Cyrillic	кун (kun)‍
Latin	kun‍
Perso-Arabic

Etymology

From Chagatai کون‎ (kün, “sun, day”), from Proto-Turkic *kün (“sun, day”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /cʉn/

Noun

kun (plural kunlar)

1. day
2. sun

Declension

Declension of kun

	singular	plural
nominative	kun	kunlar
genitive	kunning	kunlarning
dative	kunga	kunlarga
definite accusative	kunni	kunlarni
locative	kunda	kunlarda
ablative	kundan	kunlardan

Possessive forms of kun

my	singular	plural
nominative	kunim	kunlarim
genitive	kunimning	kunlarimning
dative	kunimga	kunlarimga
definite accusative	kunimni	kunlarimni
locative	kunimda	kunlarimda
ablative	kunimdan	kunlarimdan
your	singular	plural
nominative	kuning	kunlaring
genitive	kuningning	kunlaringning
dative	kuningga	kunlaringga
definite accusative	kuningni	kunlaringni
locative	kuningda	kunlaringda
ablative	kuningdan	kunlaringdan
her/his/its	singular	plural
nominative	kuni	kunlari
genitive	kunining	kunlarining
dative	kuniga	kunlariga
definite accusative	kunini	kunlarini
locative	kunida	kunlarida
ablative	kunidan	kunlaridan
our	singular	plural
nominative	kunimiz	kunlarimiz
genitive	kunimizning	kunlarimizning
dative	kunimizga	kunlarimizga
definite accusative	kunimizni	kunlarimizni
locative	kunimizda	kunlarimizda
ablative	kunimizdan	kunlarimizdan
your	singular	plural
nominative	kuningiz	kunlaringiz
genitive	kuningizning	kunlaringizning
dative	kuningizga	kunlaringizga
definite accusative	kuningizni	kunlaringizni
locative	kuningizda	kunlaringizda
ablative	kuningizdan	kunlaringizdan
their	singular	plural
nominative	kuni	kunlari
genitive	kunining	kunlarining
dative	kuniga	kunlariga
definite accusative	kunini	kunlarini
locative	kunida	kunlarida
ablative	kunidan	kunlaridan

Volapük

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kun]

Noun

kun (nominative plural kuns)

1. cow

Declension

declension of kun

	singular	plural
nominative	kun	kuns
genitive	kuna	kunas
dative	kune	kunes
accusative	kuni	kunis
vocative 1	o kun!	o kuns!
predicative 2	kunu	kunus

• ¹ status as a case is disputed
• ² in later, non-classical Volapük only

Synonyms

• jibub

Antonyms

• hibub
• tor

Derived terms

• kunül (“cow calf, female calf”)

Related terms

• bub
• veter

Wik-Mungkan

Noun

kun

1. excrement, faeces, shit

Synonyms

• kaka

Yámana

Noun

kun

1. oil

Yola

Etymology

Borrowed from Irish cun (“stoutness, thickness”).

Noun

kun

1. A masculine, forward woman, a brazen face.

References

• Jacob Poole (1867), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, page 51