Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵenh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵenh₁- (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to produce; to beget; to give birth

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁- (118 c, 0 e)

*ǵénh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánHati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánHati
    - Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jánHati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *genō
  - Old Latin: genō (see there for further descendants)

*ǵénh₁-t ~ *ǵn̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)^[3]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ծնաւ (cnaw, 3sg.aor. of ծնանիմ (cnanim))
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐγένετο (egéneto)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अजनि (ajani, 1sg.aor.mid.)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: kantär (3sg.subj.mid.)

*ǵe-ǵónh₁-e ~ *ǵe-ǵn̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
  - Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)

*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)

*ǵonh₁-éye-ti (éye-causative)

*ǵenh₁-es-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́
  - Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)

*ǵénh₁-ih₂ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-yéh₂-s
- Proto-Iranian: *jánHyaH
  - Proto-Iranian: *frajánHyaH (“daughter”)^[5]^[6]^[7]
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
      - Sarikoli: راجن (rajen)
      - Shughni: ризӣн (rizīn), (Khufi) ризӕн, (Roshani) ризен (rizēn), (Bartangi) ризе̂н (rizên)

*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)

*ǵénh₁-os (“race, lineage”)

*ǵenh₁-ó-s (“born”)

*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)

*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)

*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ (“parent”)

*ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-s
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: naevus
  - Latin: Gnaeus

*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)

*ǵn̥h₁-yó-m
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: genius

*ǵonh₁-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
  - Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)

*ǵónh₁-o-s

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
- Ancient Greek: γενητός (genētós, “originated”)
- Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)
- Ancient Greek: γεννητός (gennētós, “begotten; produced”)
Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)
  - Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)
  - Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)
  - Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)
  - Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)
  - Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)
    - Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)
  - Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)
  - Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)
  - Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)
  - Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)
  - Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)
    - Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)
    - Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)
  - Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)
  - Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)
  - Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)
  - Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)
  - Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)
  - Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)
  - Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)
  - Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)
  - Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)
  - Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: जन् (jan)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “gignō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 260-1
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑enh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 163-5
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*ĝenh₁-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 56
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*¹fra-, *frā-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 53-55: “*fra-źantaka-; *fra-zani̯ā-”
^ Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “pərčód, pərčóδ”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, page 275: “*fra-zanyā-”
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1974), “rizīn”, in Etymological Vocabulary of the Shughni Group (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 6), Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 71: “*fra-zanyā-”

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading