Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ḱel-

2. to cover

Extensions

• *ḱley-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱel- (cover)‎ (10 c, 0 e)

• *ḱél-e-ti (thematic root present)
• *ḱl̥-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *huljaną (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱél-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, to keep”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱél-mn̥
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárma
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárma
      • Sanskrit: शर्मन् (śárman)
• *ḱél-mō
  • Proto-Germanic: *helmô (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱel-mos
  • Proto-Germanic: *helmaz (“helmet”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱel-nó- ~ *ḱol-nó-
  • Proto-Germanic: *hallō (“hall”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kelnā
    • Latin: cella (see there for further descendants)

• *ḱēl-is
  • Proto-Germanic: *hēliz (“deceitful”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱél-ōs ~ *ḱél-es-
  • Proto-Germanic: *hulisō (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kelōs (“outside, aspect”)
    • Latin: color (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱol-es-o-
  • Ancient Greek: κολεός (koleós), κουλεός (kouleós)
    • Greek: κολεός (koleós)
    • → Latin: cōleus (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱel-yo-
  • Proto-Germanic: *haljō (“netherworld”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *keljom
    • Latin: cilium (“eyelid”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱl-eh₂-
  • Proto-Italic: *klām
    • Latin: clam (“secretly”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Baltic:
    • Old Prussian: kelmis
    • Lithuanian: šálmas
  • Proto-Germanic: [Term?] (“to conceal”)
    • Old English: *hellan, helian
      • Middle English: helen (merger with helan)
        • English: hele, heel
        • Scots: heil
    • Old Frisian: *hella, *hiella (attested in bihella, bihiella (“to cover, hide”))
    • Old Saxon: hellian (bihellian)
    • Old High German: hellen
      • Middle High German: *heln (attested in entheln (“to uncover”))
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *hallō (see there for further descendants)
  • Ancient Greek: καλύπτω (kalúptō), Καλυψώ (Kalupsṓ), καλύβη (kalúbē), κέλυφος (kéluphos), κελέβη (kelébē), κάλπις (kálpis)
    • Greek: καλύπτω (kalýpto), καλύβη (kalývi), καλύβα (kalýva), κέλυφος (kélyfos), κάλπη (kálpi)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaranás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaranás
      • Sanskrit: शरण (śaraṇá)
    • Proto-Iranian: *caranáh
      • >? Persian: سرمه‎ (sorme)
  • Latin: cālīgō (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: cēlō (see there for further descendants)

Root

*ḱel-

2. to incline

Extensions

• *ḱley-
• *ḱlew-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱel- (incline)‎ (4 c, 0 e)

• *h₂eus-ḱl̥-t-eh₂-ye-ti (thematic ye-present)
  • Proto-Italic: *auskultā
    • Latin: auscultō (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱól-to-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *halþaz (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱl̥-tó-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *hulþaz (see there for further descendants)
• *ḱól-i-s
  • Proto-Baltic:
    • Lithuanian: šalìs
    • Latvian: salis