User:Sumiaz/Nahuatl
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Noun morphology[edit]
Predicative prefixes[edit]
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ni- "I" | ti- "we" |
| 2 | ti- "you (sg)" | an- "you (pl)" |
| 3 | ∅- "he/she/it/they" | |
Titoltecatl. "You are a Toltec."
Possessed nouns[edit]
Prefixes
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | no- "my" | to- "our" |
| 2 | mo- "your (sg)" | amo-/mo- "your (pl)" |
| 2 | ī-/mo- "his/her/its" | īm-/mo- "their" |
- tē- "somebody's"
- tla- "something's"
- ne- [for V.refl → N]
Suffixes
| SG | PL | |
|---|---|---|
| After V | -uh | -huān |
| After C | -hui | -huān |
Absolutive nouns[edit]
Suffixes
- -tli/-lli/-tl/-in [singular]
- -tin/-meh/-h [plural]
Verb morphology[edit]
- Optative marker
- mā- "if, should it be that, let it be that"
- tlā- [polite form of mā-]
- māca(mō)- [negative of mā, from mā+ahmo]
- tlāca(mō)-/tlē- [negative of tlā-]
- Negative marker ah- or ahmo "not"
- Antecessive prefix ō- "already"
- Subject prefix
- ni- "I" and ti-/xi- "we"
- ti-/xi- "you (sg)" and am-/an- "you (pl)"
- Third-person subject is unmarked.
- Specific object prefix
- nēch- "me" and tēch- "us"
- mitz- "you (sg)" and amēch- "you (pl)"
- c-/qui- "him/her/it" and quim- "them"
- Directional prefixes huāl- "hither" and on- "thither"
- Reflexive prefixes
- no- "myself" and to- "ourselves"
- mo- "yourself/yourselves/itself/themselves"
- ne- [for reflexive verbs used nonreflexively]
- Nonspecific object (dummy object)
- tē- [human] and tla- [nonhuman]
- VERB STEM
- Tense and number suffixes
- Causative suffix
- Passive/Inactive suffix
- Valence suffix
For object suffixes, agreement is preferentially benefactive > indirect > direct. For example, if saying "I gave it to you for her," the single object suffix will agree with "her."
Verb classes[edit]
| Class 1 "to cry" |
Class 2 "to live" |
Class 3 "to bathe" |
Class 4 "to eat" | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base 1 | chōca- | yōli- | āltia- | cua- |
| Base 2 | chōca- | yōl- | āltih- | cuah- |
| Base 3 | chōca- | yōli- | āltī- | cuā- |
| Time/Mood | Base | Suffix (SG) | Suffix (PL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | 1 | -∅ | -h |
| Customary present | 1 | -:ni | -:nih |
| Imperfect (1) | 1 | -ya | -yah |
| Imperfect (2.3.4) | 1 | -:ya | -:yah |
| Perfect (1) | 2 | -c | -queh |
| Perfect (2.3.4) | 2 | -∅ | -queh |
| Pluperfect | 2 | -ca | -cah |
| Admonitive (1) | 2 | -h | -htin |
| Admonitive (2.3.4) | 2 | -∅ | -tin |
| Future | 3 | -z | -zqueh |
| Optative | 3 | -∅ | -cān |
| Conditional | 3 | -zquiya | -zquiyah |
- tichōcah "we cry"
- tiāltiāni "we habitually bathe"
- amquicuāyah "you were eating it"
- ōtiāltihqueh "we bathed"
- tiyōlca "you had lived"
- māca quicuahtin "lest they eat it"
- chōcazque "they will cry"
- mā yōlican "let them live"
- cāltīzqueh "they will bathe him"
- cāltīzquiyah "they would bathe him"
- ōcāltīzquiya "she would have bathed him"
Irregular verbs[edit]
| cā/ye "to be" |
huītza "to go" |
yā/huih "to come" |
huāllā/huālhuih "to come" | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Present singular | cah | huītz | yauh | huāllauh |
| 1. Present plural | cateh | huītzeh | huih | huālhuih |
| 1. Imperfect | yeya(h) | yāya(h) | huālhuiya(h) | |
| 2. Perfect | catca(h) | huītza(h) | yah(queh) | huāllah(queh) |
| 3. Future | yez(queh) | yāz(queh) | huāllaz(queh) |
Class assignment[edit]
- Closed list of exceptions
- Irregular verbs: cā/ye, huītza, yā/huih, huāllā/huālhuih
- Out-of-class verbs: pāca/pāc "to wash" (2, not 1); tōna/tōnac "to proper" (1, not 2); zōma/zōmah "to irritate" (4, not 2)
- Verbs ending in -hua and -ya
- -hua, intransitive (Class 1), e.g. ēhua → ēhuac "he departed"
- -hua, transitive (Class 2), e.g. ēhua → mēuh "he raised himself"
- -ya (Class 1 or 2 as preferred)
- Certain monosyllabic verbs
- #Ca# (Class 4)
- i# (Class 1, i → ī), e.g. i → quīc "he drank it"
- Verbs ending in -o, -tla, and -ca
- Co (Class 1, o → ō), e.g. pano → panōqueh "they passed", temo → temōc "he descended"
- -tla (Class 1), e.g. mōtla → quimōtlac "he threw stones at him"
- -ca (Class 1), e.g. chōca → chōcaqueh "they wept", tēca → motēcac "he lay down"
- Other verbs
- CCV (Class 1), e.g. itta → quittaqueh "they saw it", ahci → ahcic "he arrived"
- VCV (Class 2), e.g. quīza → niquīz "I sent out", miqui → mic "he died", tzacua → niquitzauc "I covered it", nēci → nēzqueh "they appeared", xima → ninoxin "I shaved myself", chiya → nitlachix "I looked", mati → quimah "he knew it"
- VV (Class 3), e.g. ihtoa → ihtoh "he spoke", quihtohqueh "they said it"
Passive endings[edit]
Causatives and applicatives[edit]
Auxiliary suffixes[edit]
- Ten verbs are commonly used as auxiliaries to give a nuanced meaning.
| Verb | Present | Past | Future | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cah "be" |
-ticah | -ticatca | -tiez | to be verbing |
| ēhua "rise, depart" |
-tēhua | -tēhuac | -tēhuaz | to depart, verbing |
| huetzi "fall" |
-tihuetzi | -tihuetz | -tihuetziz | to verb quickly |
| huītz "come" |
-tihuītz | -tihuītza | to come verbing | |
| ihcac "stand" |
-tihcac | -ticaca -ticaya |
-ticaz | to stand verbing |
| mani "spread out" |
-timani | -timan -timanca |
-timaniz | to be verbing |
| nemi "live" |
-tinemi | -tinen(ca) | -tinemiz | to go about verbing |
| (on)oc "lie" |
-toc | -toca | -toz | to lie verbing |
| quīza "emerge, pass" |
-tiquīza | -tiquīz | -tiquīzaz | to pass, verbing |
| yauh "go" |
-tiuh (-ti-yauh) |
-tia (-ti-yah) |
-tiaz (-ti-yaz) |
to be verbing |
Intentional suffixes[edit]
- Used to mean "to come (introverse) or to go (extroverse) in order to verb," using present stem (Base 1).
| Future | Present | Preterite | Optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Introverse (SG) | -quiuh | -co | -co | -qui |
| Introverse (PL) | -quihuih | -coh | -coh | -quih |
| Extroverse (SG) | -tīuh | -tīuh | -to | -h, -ti |
| Extroverse (PL) | -tīhuih | -tīhuih | -toh | -tih, -tin |
Verbal Nouns[edit]
Abstract nouns[edit]
Formed with the suffix -(l)iztli:
- nemi "to live" → nemīztli "living"
- cochi "to sleep" → cochiliztli "sleeping"
- tlazohtla "to love" → tlazohtlaliztli "love"
- miqui "to die" → miquiliztli/miquiztli "death"
- tēmachtia "to instruct people" → tēmachtiliztli "instructing, education"
Agentive nouns[edit]
Usually formed from the absolutive in one of three ways:
- Add -ni to the verb stem, adding -meh if plural
- mati "to know" → tlamati "to know something" → tlamatini "scholar" → tlamatinimeh "scholars"
- Add -qui (singular) or -queh (plural) to the preterite, deleting the ō-
- Like (2) except the singular omits -qui
- poloa "to lay waste" → tēpoloa "to conquer people" → ōtēpoloh "conquered" → tēpoloh "conqueror" → tēpolohqueh "conquerors"
Affix list[edit]
- Existing pages (5/21/17): -can, -choh, -chotl, -co, -eh, -h, -huah, -huahqueh, -huan, -lah, -liztli, -loh, -lotl, -meh, -ni, -pa, -pahuic, -pan, -pil, -pipil, -pol, -queh, -qui, -tech, -techpa, -tin, -tlah, -ton, -tontli, -toton, -tzin, -xoh, -yoh, -yotl, -zo, -zotl, ah-, am-, amech-, an-, c-, chiuc-, mah-, mitz-, ni-, no-, nech-, qu-, quim-, quin-, te-, tech-, ti-, tla-, xochih-