býti
Old Czech
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *byti.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]býti impf
- to be
Usage notes
[edit]- The rarer imperfect tense budieše and the nt-participle buda are of perfective aspect, as can already be heard from their forms resembling the future tense bude.
- The aorist by is also said to be perfective and used mainly to introduce new information (sometimes called narrative). The aorist bě is said to be imperfective (sometimes called descriptive).
- Many forms of this verb are used as an auxiliary. The aorist by is increasingly used to form conditional.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of býti (athematic, suppletive)
| infinitive | supine | verbal noun |
|---|---|---|
| býti | byt | bytie |
| present | imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| 1st person | jsem | jsvě (-va) | jsme (-my) | — | buďvě (-va) | buďme, buděm (-me/-my) |
| 2nd person | jsi | jsta | jste | buď | buďta | buďte |
| 3rd person | jest, je | jsta | jsú | buď | buďta | buďte |
| future | ||||||
| singular | dual | plural | ||||
| 1st person | budu | budevě (-va) | budem (-me/-my) | |||
| 2nd person | budeš | budeta | budete | |||
| 3rd person | bude | budeta | budú | |||
| imperfective aorist | imperfective imperfect | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| 1st person | běch | běchově (-va) | běchom (-me/-my) | biech | biechově (-va) | biechom (-me/-my) |
| 2nd person | bě | běsta (-šta) | běste (-šte) | bieše | biešta (-sta) | biešte (-ste) |
| 3rd person | bě | běsta (-šta) | běchu | bieše | biešta (-sta) | biechu |
| perfective aorist | perfective imperfect | |||||
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| 1st person | bych | bychově (-va) | bychom (-me/-my) | budiech | budiechově (-va) | budiechom (-me/-my) |
| 2nd person | by | bysta (-šta) | byste (-šte) | budieše | budiešta (-sta) | budiešte (-ste) |
| 3rd person | by | bysta (-šta) | bychu | budieše | budiešta (-sta) | budiechu |
| l-participle | passive participle | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| masculine | byl | byla | byli | — | — | — |
| feminine | byla | byle | byly | — | — | — |
| neuter | bylo | byle | byla | — | — | — |
| imperfective nt-participle | s-participle | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| masculine | jsa | jsúce | byv | byvše | ||
| feminine | jsúci | byvši | ||||
| neuter | jsa, jsúci | byv, byvši | ||||
| perfective nt-participle | ||||||
| singular | dual | plural | ||||
| masculine | buda | budúce | ||||
| feminine | budúci | |||||
| neuter | buda, budúci | |||||
| compound forms | |
|---|---|
| perfect | Use the l-participle of býti and the present tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. byl jest |
| pluperfect | Use the l-participle of býti and one of the past tenses of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. byl bě/bieše/by / byl jest byl |
| future perfect | Use the l-participle of býti and the future tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. bude byl |
| present conditional | Use the l-participle of býti and the perfective aorist tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. byl by |
| past conditional | Use the l-participle of býti and the perfect tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. byl by byl |
| continuous | Use the nt-participle of býti and the appropriate tense of the auxiliary verb býti e.g. jest jsa, bude jsa |
Note: This table shows the most common forms of býti around the 13th/14th century. See also Appendix:Old Czech verbs and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Czech: být
Further reading
[edit]- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “býti”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
- Jan Gebauer (1903), “býti”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), volume 1, Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění, page 126
- Jan Gebauer (1886), “Tvaroslovné výklady a doklady ke slovesům třídy IV, VI a bezpříznakým. Kmeny praesentní bez příznaku.”, in Listy filologické a paedagogické, volume 13, Prague: Jednota českých filologů, Edvard Grégr, page 302
Old Norse
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Middle Low German bûte, büte[1] (or Middle Dutch[2]), possibly ultimately from Proto-Celtic *boudi (“profit, gains; victory”), perhaps via Old Dutch *būti.
Noun
[edit]Declension
[edit]| neuter | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | býti | býtit | býti | býtin |
| accusative | býti | býtit | býti | býtin |
| dative | býti | býtinu | býtum | býtunum |
| genitive | býtis | býtisins | býta | býtanna |
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jan de Vries (1977) [1957–1960], “býta”, in Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Old Norse Etymological Dictionary] (in German), 3rd edition, Leiden: E[vert] J[an] Brill, →OCLC, page 68.
- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010), “buit; buiten”, in Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd [Dutch words worldwide][1] (in Dutch), The Hague: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 245-246
Categories:
- Old Czech terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Czech terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-
- Old Czech terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-
- Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Czech terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Czech lemmas
- Old Czech verbs
- Old Czech imperfective verbs
- Old Czech irregular verbs
- Old Norse terms borrowed from Middle Low German
- Old Norse terms derived from Middle Low German
- Old Norse terms borrowed from Middle Dutch
- Old Norse terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Old Norse terms derived from Old Dutch
- Old Norse lemmas
- Old Norse nouns
- Old Norse neuter nouns
- Old Norse neuter ija-stem nouns