grian

See also: grían, grian-, griən, and gri͡an

Bavarian

Alternative forms

• gri͡an (alternative spelling, e.g. Styria)
• grean (most dialects)
• grien (Sappada, Sauris)

Etymology

From Old High German gruoni, from Proto-West Germanic *grōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grōniz. Cognate with German grün, Dutch groen, English green, Icelandic grænn.

Adjective

grian

1. (Timau) green

References

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɟɾʲiən̪ˠ/, /ɟɾʲiənˠ/

Etymology 1

an ghrian

From Old Irish grían (“sun”), from Proto-Celtic *greinā.

Noun

grian f (genitive singular gréine, nominative plural grianta)

1. (the) sun
2. (figuratively) paragon

Declension

Declension of grian (second declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative grian grianta vocative a ghrian a ghrianta genitive gréine grianta dative grian gréin (in certain phrases) grianta forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an ghrian na grianta genitive na gréine na ngrianta dative leis an ngrian don ghrian leis na grianta

Archaic weak plural forms:

• Nominative and vocative: griana
• Genitive: grian
• Dative: grianaibh

Derived terms

• béar gréine
• béim ghréine (“sunstroke”)
• bliosán gréine
• boinéad gréine (“sun-bonnet”)
• bolg le gréin
• dó gréine
• grian-
• griandó
• grianmhar
• grianstad

Verb

grian (present analytic grianann, future analytic grianfaidh, verbal noun grianadh, past participle grianta) (transitive)

1. to sun (expose to the warmth and radiation of the sun)
2. (photography) to solarize (subject to solarization)

Conjugation

Conjugation of grian (first conjugation – A)

indicative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present	grianaim	grianann tú; grianair†	grianann sé, sí	grianaimid; grianann muid	grianann sibh	grianann siad; grianaid†	a ghrianann; a ghrianas	griantar
past	ghrian mé; ghrianas	ghrian tú; ghrianais	ghrian sé, sí	ghrianamar; ghrian muid	ghrian sibh; ghrianabhair	ghrian siad; ghrianadar	a ghrian	grianadh
past habitual	ghrianainn / grianainn‡	ghriantá / griantá‡	ghrianadh sé, sí / grianadh sé, sí‡	ghrianaimis; ghrianadh muid / grianaimis‡; grianadh muid‡	ghrianadh sibh / grianadh sibh‡	ghrianaidís; ghrianadh siad / grianaidís‡; grianadh siad‡	a ghrianadh	ghriantaí / griantaí‡
	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	grianfaidh mé; grianfad	grianfaidh tú; grianfair†	grianfaidh sé, sí	grianfaimid; grianfaidh muid	grianfaidh sibh	grianfaidh siad; grianfaid†	a ghrianfaidh; a ghrianfas	grianfar
conditional	ghrianfainn / grianfainn‡	ghrianfá / grianfá‡	ghrianfadh sé, sí / grianfadh sé, sí‡	ghrianfaimis; ghrianfadh muid / grianfaimis‡; grianfadh muid‡	ghrianfadh sibh / grianfadh sibh‡	ghrianfaidís; ghrianfadh siad / grianfaidís‡; grianfadh siad‡	a ghrianfadh	ghrianfaí / grianfaí‡
subjunctive	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present	go ngriana mé; go ngrianad†	go ngriana tú; go ngrianair†	go ngriana sé, sí	go ngrianaimid; go ngriana muid	go ngriana sibh	go ngriana siad; go ngrianaid†	—	go ngriantar
past	dá ngrianainn	dá ngriantá	dá ngrianadh sé, sí	dá ngrianaimis; dá ngrianadh muid	dá ngrianadh sibh	dá ngrianaidís; dá ngrianadh siad	—	dá ngriantaí
imperative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
—	grianaim	grian	grianadh sé, sí	grianaimis	grianaigí; grianaidh†	grianaidís	—	griantar
past participle	grianta
verbal noun	grianadh

^† archaic or dialect form
^‡ dependent form

Etymology 2

From Old Irish grïan.

Noun

grian m (genitive singular griain)

1. alternative form of grean (“gravel, grit; coarse sand”)
2. bottom (of sea, lake, river)
3. earth, ground, land
4. surface

Mutation

Mutated forms of grian

radical	lenition	eclipsis
grian	ghrian	ngrian

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “grian”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Manx

Etymology

From Old Irish grían (“sun”), from Proto-Celtic *greinā.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡriən/, [ɡriᵈn]

Noun

grian f (genitive singular greiney, plural grianyn)

1. sun

   Plaasyn prinsoil glistral myr whilleen grian. ― Princely palaces shining like so many suns.

   Ta'n ghrian yial er chooilleen e jurnaa. ― The bright sun has finished her journey.

2. sunlight
3. sunshine

Synonyms

• ree yn laa

Derived terms

• breck greiney
• breck 'sy ghrian

Mutation

Mutation of grian

radical	lenition	eclipsis
grian	ghrian	ngrian

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Manx.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Old Irish

Etymology

Cognate to Welsh graean. The exact shape of their common etymon is obscure; Proto-Celtic *griyano- is one reconstruction.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡʲɾʲi.ən/
  • (Blasse) [ˈɡʲɾʲi.an]
  • (Griffith) [ˈɡʲɾʲi.ən]

Noun

grïan (gender unknown)

1. gravel
2. sand
3. bottom (of river)
4. floor (of sea)

Inflection

The declension of this term is known to be an o-stem, but the gender is unknown. Both possibilities are presented here.

Masculine o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	grïan	—	—
vocative	grïain	—	—
accusative	grïanN	—	—
genitive	grïainL	—	—
dative	grïunL	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Neuter o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	grïanN	—	—
vocative	grïanN	—	—
accusative	grïanN	—	—
genitive	grïainL	—	—
dative	grïunL	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: grean

Mutation

Mutation of grian

radical	lenition	nasalization
grian	grian pronounced with /ɣʲ-/	ngrian

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “grian”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish grían (“sun”), from Proto-Celtic *greinā.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡ̊ʲɾʲiən/
• (Lewis) IPA^(key): /ɡ̊ʲðiɤn/

Noun

grian f (genitive singular grèine, plural grianan)

1. sun

Declension

Declension of grian (class IIa feminine noun)

indefinite
	singular	plural
nominative	grian	grianan
genitive	grèine	ghrian
dative	grèin	grianan; grianaibh1
definite
	singular	plural
nominative	(a') ghrian	(na) grianan
genitive	(na) grèine	(nan) grian
dative	(a') ghrèin	(na) grianan; grianaibh1
vocative	ghrian	ghriana

¹ obsolete form, used until the 19th century

• Alternative genitive singular: grèineadh

Derived terms

• casan na grèine (“the Zodiac”)
• clàr-grèine (“solar panel”)
• corra-ghrian (“bittern”)
• dol fodha na grèine (“sunset”)
• èirigh na grèine (“sunrise”)
• gaoth-ghrèine (“solar wind”)
• glainneachan-grèine (“sunglasses”)
• grian-chrios (“zodiac”)
• grian-stad (“solstice”)
• grianach (“sunny”)
• losgadh na grèine (“sunburn”)
• neòinean-grèine (“sunflower”)
• pannal-grèine (“solar panel”)
• speuclairean-grèine (“sunglasses”)

Mutation

Mutation of grian

radical	lenition
grian	ghrian

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.