kulua
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Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *kuludak, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *kulɜ-. Cognates include Estonian kuluma, Livonian ku'llõ, Ludian kuluda, Erzya каладомс (kaladoms, “to give out”),[1] Northern Khanty [Term?] and Northern Mansi [Term?].
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]kulua (intransitive)
- (e.g. of clothes) to wear (out/thin/down)
- (of money) to get spent, go
- (of resource, food) to be/get consumed, to get eaten
- (of time) to go by, pass by, pass off
- Vuosituhannen vaihde kului ilman katastrofeja.
- The millennium passed off without any disasters.
Conjugation
[edit]Inflection of kulua (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
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indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kulun | en kulu | 1st sing. | olen kulunut | en ole kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kulut | et kulu | 2nd sing. | olet kulunut | et ole kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kuluu | ei kulu | 3rd sing. | on kulunut | ei ole kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kulumme | emme kulu | 1st plur. | olemme kuluneet | emme ole kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kulutte | ette kulu | 2nd plur. | olette kuluneet | ette ole kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kuluvat | eivät kulu | 3rd plur. | ovat kuluneet | eivät ole kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kulutaan | ei kuluta | passive | on kuluttu | ei ole kuluttu | ||||||||||||||||
past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kuluin | en kulunut | 1st sing. | olin kulunut | en ollut kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kuluit | et kulunut | 2nd sing. | olit kulunut | et ollut kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kului | ei kulunut | 3rd sing. | oli kulunut | ei ollut kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kuluimme | emme kuluneet | 1st plur. | olimme kuluneet | emme olleet kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kuluitte | ette kuluneet | 2nd plur. | olitte kuluneet | ette olleet kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kuluivat | eivät kuluneet | 3rd plur. | olivat kuluneet | eivät olleet kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kuluttiin | ei kuluttu | passive | oli kuluttu | ei ollut kuluttu | ||||||||||||||||
conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kuluisin | en kuluisi | 1st sing. | olisin kulunut | en olisi kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kuluisit | et kuluisi | 2nd sing. | olisit kulunut | et olisi kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kuluisi | ei kuluisi | 3rd sing. | olisi kulunut | ei olisi kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kuluisimme | emme kuluisi | 1st plur. | olisimme kuluneet | emme olisi kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kuluisitte | ette kuluisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte kuluneet | ette olisi kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kuluisivat | eivät kuluisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat kuluneet | eivät olisi kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kuluttaisiin | ei kuluttaisi | passive | olisi kuluttu | ei olisi kuluttu | ||||||||||||||||
imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kulu | älä kulu | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kulukoon | älköön kuluko | 3rd sing. | olkoon kulunut | älköön olko kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kulukaamme | älkäämme kuluko | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kulukaa | älkää kuluko | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kulukoot | älkööt kuluko | 3rd plur. | olkoot kuluneet | älkööt olko kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kuluttakoon | älköön kuluttako | passive | olkoon kuluttu | älköön olko kuluttu | ||||||||||||||||
potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kulunen | en kulune | 1st sing. | lienen kulunut | en liene kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kulunet | et kulune | 2nd sing. | lienet kulunut | et liene kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kulunee | ei kulune | 3rd sing. | lienee kulunut | ei liene kulunut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kulunemme | emme kulune | 1st plur. | lienemme kuluneet | emme liene kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kulunette | ette kulune | 2nd plur. | lienette kuluneet | ette liene kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kulunevat | eivät kulune | 3rd plur. | lienevät kuluneet | eivät liene kuluneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kuluttaneen | ei kuluttane | passive | lienee kuluttu | ei liene kuluttu | ||||||||||||||||
Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
1st | kulua | present | kuluva | kuluttava | |||||||||||||||||
long 1st1 |
|
past | kulunut | kuluttu | |||||||||||||||||
2nd | inessive2 | kuluessa | kuluttaessa | agent4 | kuluma | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | kulumaton | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kuluen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix. 2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). | ||||||||||||||||||
3rd | inessive | kulumassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
elative | kulumasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
illative | kulumaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
adessive | kulumalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
abessive | kulumatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kuluman | kuluttaman | |||||||||||||||||||
4th3 | verbal noun | kuluminen | |||||||||||||||||||
5th1 |
|
Derived terms
[edit]adjectives
nouns
postpositions
verbs
Collocations
[edit]- kulua hukkaan ― to be wasted/squandered
- kulua loppuun ― to be depleted, be exhausted
- kulua umpeen ― to expire, be up
- kulua vähiin ― to (be) run(ning) out
References
[edit]- ^ Vershynin V. Etimologicheskiy slovar mordovskikh (erzyanskogo i mokshanskogo) yazykov, vol. I, p. 97
Further reading
[edit]- “kulua”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Anagrams
[edit]Categories:
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Finnish 3-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/uluɑ
- Rhymes:Finnish/uluɑ/3 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish verbs
- Finnish intransitive verbs
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Finnish sanoa-type verbs
- Finnish terms with collocations