kum

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kum"

Translingual

Symbol

kum

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Kumyk.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Kumyk terms

Afar

Etymology

From kú (“thy”) +‎ -m.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkum/ [ˈkʊm]
• Hyphenation: kum

Pronoun

kúm (predicative kúumu or kuumú)

1. thine, yours

See also

Afar possessive pronouns

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
			m	f
singular	yím	kúm	kayím	tetím
plural	ním	siním	kením

References

• E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), “kum”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2004), Parlons Afar: Langue et Culture, L'Hammartan, →ISBN, page 67
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Akan

Alternative forms

• ku

Verb

kum (Twi)

1. to kill, slaughter
2. to butcher

   Synonym: dwidwa

Gagauz

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kum (“sand”)

Noun

kum (definite accusative [please provide], plural [please provide])

1. sand

Karaim

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kum.

Noun

kum

1. sand

References

• N. A. Baskakov, S.M. Šapšala, editor (1973), “kum”, in Karaimsko-Russko-Polʹskij Slovarʹ [Karaim-Russian-Polish Dictionary], Moscow: Moskva, →ISBN

Kusaal

Noun

kum

1. death

References

• Agoswin Musah (2018), A Grammar of Kusaal: A Mabia (Gur) Language of Northern Ghana, Peter Lang, →DOI, →ISBN, page 54

Mapudungun

Adjective

kum (Raguileo spelling)

1. Of dark red colour.

Mbongno

Noun

kum

1. river

References

• Charles K. Meek, Tribal Studies in Northern Nigeria (1931)

Mizo

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *kum.

Noun

kum

1. year

Derived terms

• nikum

Further reading

• Lorrain, J. Herbert (1940), “kum”, in Dictionary of the Lushai language, Calcutta: Asiatic Society

North Frisian

Alternative forms

• kem (Föhr-Amrum)
• kååme (Goesharde)
• kame (Halligen)
• keem (Heligoland)
• kaame (Mooring)
• käme (Wiedingharde)

Etymology

From Old Frisian kuma, from Proto-West Germanic *kweman, from Proto-Germanic *kwemaną (“to come”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷémt (“to step; to arrive”), from *gʷem- (“to come, step”).

Verb

kum

1. (Sylt) to come

Conjugation

Conjugation of kum (Sylt dialect)

infinitive I	kum
infinitive II	(tö) kumen
past participle	kemen
imperative	kum
	present	past
1st singular	kum	kām
2nd singular	kumst	kāmst
3rd singular	kumt	kām
plural / dual	kum	kām
	perfect	pluperfect
1st singular	sen kemen	wiar kemen
2nd singular	best kemen	wiarst kemen
3rd singular	es kemen	wiar kemen
plural / dual	sen kemen	wiar kemen
	future (skel)	future (wel)
1st singular	skel kum	wel kum
2nd singular	sket kum	wet kum
3rd singular	skel kum	wel kum
plural / dual	skel kum	wel kum

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Middle Low German kum, kumme (compare German Low German Kumme (“bowl”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kum/
• Rhymes: -um

Noun

kum m (definite singular kummen, indefinite plural kummer, definite plural kummene)

1. sink
2. manhole

Synonyms

• mannhull (manhole)

Derived terms

• avløpskum
• brannkum
• fiskekum
• gjødselkum
• kloakkum
• kumlokk
• slamkum
• vaskekum

References

• “kum” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Middle Low German kum, kumme (compare German Low German Kumme (“bowl”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kum/
• Rhymes: -um

Noun

kum m (definite singular kummen, indefinite plural kummar, definite plural kummane)

1. sink
2. manhole

Derived terms

• avløpskum
• brannkum
• fiskekum
• gjødselkum
• kloakkum
• kumlokk
• slamkum
• vaskekum

References

• “kum” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkum/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -um
• Syllabification: kum

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ḱe?

Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm

Proto-Italic *kom

Proto-Italic *kom-

Latin com-

Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-?

Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr

Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr

Proto-Italic *patēr

Latin pater

Latin compaterbor.

Proto-Slavic *kъmotrъ

Proto-Slavic *kumъ

Old Polish kum

Polish kum

Inherited from Old Polish kum, from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, from earlier *kъmotrъ, from Latin compater.

Noun

kum m pers (female equivalent kuma or kumoszka or (dialectal) kumola)

1. (dated) godfather
2. (dated, colloquial) chum

Declension

Declension of kum

	singular	plural
nominative	kum	kumowie
genitive	kuma	kumów
dative	kumowi	kumom
accusative	kuma	kumów
instrumental	kumem	kumami
locative	kumie	kumach
vocative	kumie	kumowie

Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

Interjection

kum

1. ribbit

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

kum f

1. genitive plural of kuma

Further reading

• “kum”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[2] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “kum”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[3] (in Polish)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *kumъ, from earlier *kъmotrъ, from Latin compater.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kûːm/

Noun

kȗm m anim (Cyrillic spelling ку̑м)

1. One's own godfather or one's child's godfather
2. One's best man (venčani kum ― marriage companion): the primary attendant (to the couple) in a wedding ceremony.
3. by extension, a very close friend, especially a close family friend.

Declension

Declension of kum

	singular	plural
nominative	kȗm	kȕmovi
genitive	kȗma	kumóvā
dative	kȗmu	kumòvima
accusative	kȗma	kȕmove
vocative	kȗme	kȕmovi
locative	kȗmu	kumòvima
instrumental	kȗmom	kumòvima

Synonyms

• vjenčani svjedok (best man)

Further reading

• “kum”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قوم (Turkish kum (“sand”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kûm/

Noun

kȕm m inan (Cyrillic spelling ку̏м)

1. (uncountable) sand

   Synonym: pijesak

Declension

Declension of kum

	singular
nominative	kum
genitive	kuma
dative	kumu
accusative	kum
vocative	kumu
locative	kumu
instrumental	kumom

Further reading

• “kum”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Slavomolisano

Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian kum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kûːm/

Noun

kum m

1. godfather
   • 2010, Natalina Spadanuda, Le renard et le loup:

     Kum, ja znam di je na masarija di, unutra, jesu čuda stvari za jist. Što gorivaš, šma po?

     Godfather, I know where there is a farm where there are many things to eat inside. What do you say, shall we go?

Declension

Declension of kum (anim series-1b masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	kum	kuma
genitive	kuma	kum, kumi
dative	kumu	kumami, kumi
accusative	kum, kuma	kuma
locative	kumu	kuma
instrumental	kumom, kumam	kumami, kumi

References

• Breu, W., Mader Skender, M. B. & Piccoli, G. 2013. Oral texts in Molise Slavic (Italy): Acquaviva Collecroce. In Adamou, E., Breu, W., Drettas, G. & Scholze, L. (eds.). 2013. EuroSlav2010: Elektronische Datenbank bedrohter slavischer Varietäten in nichtslavophonen Ländern Europas – Base de données électronique de variétés slaves menacées dans des pays européens non slavophones. Konstanz: Universität / Paris: Lacito (Internet Publication).

Sumerian

Romanization

kum

1. romanization of 𒄣 (kum)

Tocharian A

Noun

kum m

1. tuft of hair

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish قوم (kum, “sand, gravel”), from Old Anatolian Turkish قوم (qum), from Proto-Turkic *kum (“sand”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkum/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: kum

Noun

kum (definite accusative kumu, plural kumlar)

1. sand

   kum gibi kaynamak ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. hard grains in the fleshy parts of fruits such as pears, quinces, etc.
3. (medicine) gravel, nephrolith, a deposit of calculous concretions in the kidneys and the bladder

Declension

Declension of kum

singular plural nominative kum kumlar definite accusative kumu kumları dative kuma kumlara locative kumda kumlarda ablative kumdan kumlardan genitive kumun kumların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular kumum kumlarım 2nd singular kumun kumların 3rd singular kumu kumları 1st plural kumumuz kumlarımız 2nd plural kumunuz kumlarınız 3rd plural kumları kumları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular kumumu kumlarımı 2nd singular kumunu kumlarını 3rd singular kumunu kumlarını 1st plural kumumuzu kumlarımızı 2nd plural kumunuzu kumlarınızı 3rd plural kumlarını kumlarını dative singular plural 1st singular kumuma kumlarıma 2nd singular kumuna kumlarına 3rd singular kumuna kumlarına 1st plural kumumuza kumlarımıza 2nd plural kumunuza kumlarınıza 3rd plural kumlarına kumlarına locative singular plural 1st singular kumumda kumlarımda 2nd singular kumunda kumlarında 3rd singular kumunda kumlarında 1st plural kumumuzda kumlarımızda 2nd plural kumunuzda kumlarınızda 3rd plural kumlarında kumlarında ablative singular plural 1st singular kumumdan kumlarımdan 2nd singular kumundan kumlarından 3rd singular kumundan kumlarından 1st plural kumumuzdan kumlarımızdan 2nd plural kumunuzdan kumlarınızdan 3rd plural kumlarından kumlarından genitive singular plural 1st singular kumumun kumlarımın 2nd singular kumunun kumlarının 3rd singular kumunun kumlarının 1st plural kumumuzun kumlarımızın 2nd plural kumunuzun kumlarınızın 3rd plural kumlarının kumlarının Predicative forms singular plural 1st singular kumum kumlarım 2nd singular kumsun kumlarsın 3rd singular kum kumdur kumlar kumlardır 1st plural kumuz kumlarız 2nd plural kumsunuz kumlarsınız 3rd plural kumlar kumlardır

Derived terms

• kum balığı
• kum banyosu
• kum engereği
• kum fırtınası
• kum havucu
• kum kayası
• kum ocağı
• kum otu
• kum saati
• kum taşı
• kum torbası
• kumbaşı
• kumcu
• kumcul
• kumculuk
• kumda oynamak
• kumkazan
• kumla
• kumlamak
• kumlu
• kumluk
• kumsal
• kumsu
• kumsuz
• kumul
• sel gider, kum kalır

Proper nouns

• Kumkale

Further reading

• “kum”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “kum”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “kum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Eren, Hasan (1999), “kum”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]‎^[4] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi
• “kum”, in Türkiye'de halk ağzından derleme sözlüğü [Compilation Dictionary of Popular Speech in Turkey] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1982

Wanham

Noun

kúm, kŭm

1. water

References

• Čestmír Loukotka, Documents et vocabulaires inédits de langues et de dialectes Sud Américains, JSAP 52: 7-60 (1963), page 19